Sensitive chemically amplified electrochemical detection of ruthenium tris-(2,2′-bipyridine) on tin-doped indium oxide electrode

Optimized combination of chemical agents was selected for sensitive electrochemical detection of dissolved ruthenium tris-(2,2′-bipyridine) (Ru-bipy). The detection was based on the chemical amplification mechanism, in which the anodic current of a redox-active analyte was amplified by a sacrificial electron donor in solution. On indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, electrochemical reaction of the analyte was reversible, but that of the electron donor was greatly suppressed. Several transition metal complexes, such as ferrocene and tris-(2,2′-bipyridine) complexes of osmium, iron and ruthenium, were evaluated as model analyte. A correlation between the amplified current and the standard potential of the complex was observed, and Ru-bipy generated the largest current. A variety of organic bases, acids and zwitterions were assessed as potential electron donor. Sodium oxalate was found to produce the largest amplification factor. With Ru-bipy as the model analyte and oxalate as the electron donor, the analyte concentration curve was linear up to 50 μM, with a lower detection limit of approximately 50 nM. Preliminary work was presented in which a Ru-bipy derivative was attached to bovine serum albumin and detected electrochemically. Although the combination of Ru-bipy, oxalate and ITO electrode has been used before for electrochemiluminescent detection of Ru-bipy and oxalate, as well as electrochemical detection of oxalate, its utility in amplified voltammetric detection of Ru-bipy as a potential electrochemical label has not been reported previously.     

INTERSECTION OF PRIME SUBMODULES AND DIMENSION OF MODULES

The aim of this paper is to study the conditions by which a P-prime submodule can be expressed as a finite intersection or union of P-prime submodules. Also corresponding to dimension and rank of modules, some equivalent conditions for a ring to be a Dedekind domain are given.     

Pseudorandom properties of prime factors

In this paper we study some pseudo-random properties related to the prime factors of integers. We prove some results concerning the well distribution of the greatest prime factor modulo 4, and give some computational insight on the correlations, which seem to be beyond reach of proof.     

Weak Multiplication Modules

In this paper we characterize weak multiplication modules.     

Prime divisors of sparse integers

We obtain a lower bound on the number of prime divisors of integers whose g-ary expansion contains a fixed number of nonzero digits. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Orlicz范数下的Hardy-Hilbert不等式

给出了Orlicz范数下的Hardy-Hilbert不等式的一种形式,建立了当N-函数M(u)及其余N-函数N(u)均满足Δ′条件时Orlicz范数下的积分型及双级数型Hardy-Hilbert不等式.     

两类整函数的素性

本文就用Nevanlinna理论研究了两类整函数的素性，所得结果推广了Prokopovich和华歆厚的有关定理。     

One-Element Extensions in the Variety Generated by Tournaments

We investigate congruences in one-element extensions of algebras in the variety generated by tournaments.     

Notes on Sublattice-Lattices

We prove that directly reducible lattices and selfdual subdirectly irreducible lattices of locally finite length are determined by their sublattice-lattices. As a corollary we obtain that splitting varieties are closed under the isomorphism of sublattice-lattices iff they are selfdual. A class of selfdual non-closed varieties is given too.     

Supersemiprime Rings and Supersemiprime Radical

§1.　IntroductionInthisrecentyears,theprimeringswithspecialpropertieshavebeenstudiedsomeau-thors,forexample,N.T.Groenewaldintroducedthecompletelyprimeringsandthecompletelyrimeradicalin[1].D.HandelmanandJ.Lawrencediscussedthestronglyprimeringsandthestronglyprimeradicalin[2].S.Veldsmanstudiedthesuperprimeringsandthesuperprimeradicalin[3].ZhangXianjunintroducedtheAbsolutelysemiprimeringsandtheabsolutelysemiprimeradicalandsoon.Theaimofthispaperistostudythesemiprimeringswithspecialpropertiesan…