用分光光度法测定蜂胶超临界CO2萃取物中总黄酮含量

利用碱性条件下黄酮与Al3 生成粉红色络合物在可见光区510 nm处有最大吸收的特性,以芦丁为标样,采用分光光度法测定蜂胶超临界CO2萃取物中总黄酮含量,并与HPLC标准方法测定结果进行比较,发现各平行样的测定结果基本一致,最大偏差为268.38 mg/100 g,最小偏差为52.77 mg/100 g.该法简便快捷,结果相对准确,可作为蜂胶超临界CO2萃取物中总黄酮含量快速评估的一种方法.     

Chemical Composition of Volatile Compounds in Apis mellifera Propolis from the Northeast Region of Pará State,Brazil

Propolis is a balsamic product obtained from vegetable resins by exotic Africanized bees Apis mellifera L., transported and processed by them, originating from the activity that explores and maintains these individuals. Because of its vegetable and natural origins, propolis is a complex mixture of different compound classes; among them are the volatile compounds present in the aroma. In this sense, in the present study we evaluated the volatile fraction of propolis present in the aroma obtained by distillation and simultaneous extraction, and its chemical composition was determined using coupled gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and flame ionization detection. The majority of compounds were sesquiterpene and hydrocarbons, comprising 8.2–22.19% α-copaene and 6.2–21.7% β-caryophyllene, with additional compounds identified in greater concentrations. Multivariate analysis showed that samples collected from one region may have different chemical compositions, which may be related to the location of the resin’s production. This may be related to other bee products.     

Promising Antimicrobial Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Different Honeybee Products

Bee products have been known for centuries for their versatile healing properties. In recent decades they have become the subject of documented scientific research. This review aims to present and compare the impact of bee products and their components as antimicrobial agents. Honey, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom are bee products that have antibacterial properties. Sensitivity of bacteria to these products varies considerably between products and varieties of the same product depending on their origin. According to the type of bee product, different degrees of activity were observed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds and dermatophytes, as well as biofilm-forming microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa turned out to be the most resistant to bee products. An analysis of average minimum inhibitory concentration values for bee products showed that bee venom has the strongest bacterial effectiveness, while royal jelly showed the weakest antibacterial activity. The most challenging problems associated with using bee products for medical purposes are dosage and safety. The complexity and variability in composition of these products raise the need for their standardization before safe and predictable clinical uses can be achieved.     

Activity of Compounds from Temperate Propolis against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania mexicana

Ethanolic extracts of samples of temperate zone propolis, four from the UK and one from Poland, were tested against three Trypanosoma brucei strains and displayed EC₅₀ values < 20 µg/mL. The extracts were fractionated, from which 12 compounds and one two-component mixture were isolated, and characterized by NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as 3-acetoxypinobanksin, tectochrysin, kaempferol, pinocembrin, 4′-methoxykaempferol, galangin, chrysin, apigenin, pinostrobin, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, cinnamyl ester/coumaric acid benzyl ester (mixture), 4′,7-dimethoxykaempferol, and naringenin 4′,7-dimethyl ether. The isolated compounds were tested against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of T. brucei and Leishmania mexicana, with the highest activities ≤ 15 µM. The most active compounds against T. brucei were naringenin 4′,7 dimethyl ether and 4′methoxy kaempferol with activity of 15–20 µM against the three T. brucei strains. The most active compounds against L. mexicana were 4′,7-dimethoxykaempferol and the coumaric acid ester mixture, with EC₅₀ values of 12.9 ± 3.7 µM and 13.1 ± 1.0 µM. No loss of activity was found with the diamidine- and arsenical-resistant or phenanthridine-resistant T. brucei strains, or the miltefosine-resistant L. mexicana strain; no clear structure activity relationship was observed for the isolated compounds. Temperate propolis yields multiple compounds with anti-kinetoplastid activity.     

Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Various Propolis Samples Collected from an African and an Asian Region and Their Impact on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

The biological activities of propolis samples are the result of many bioactive compounds present in the propolis. The aim of the present study was to determine the various chemical compounds of some selected propolis samples collected from Palestine and Morocco by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detection (HPLC-PDA) method, as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of this bee product. The chemical analysis of propolis samples by HPLC-PDA shows the cinnamic acid content in the Palestinian sample is higher compared to that in Moroccan propolis. The results of antioxidant activity demonstrated an important free radical scavenging activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and reducing power assays) with EC₅₀ values ranging between 0.02 ± 0.001 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Additionally, all tested propolis samples possessed a moderate antibacterial activity against bacterial strains. Notably, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) values ranged from 0.31 to 2.50 mg/mL for Gram-negative bacterial strains and from 0.09 to 0.125 mg/mL for Gram-positive bacterial strains. The S2 sample from Morocco and the S4 sample from Palestine had the highest content of polyphenol level. Thus, the strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties were apparently due to the high total phenolic and flavone/flavonol contents in the samples. As a conclusion, the activities of propolis samples collected from both countries are similar, while the cinnamic acid in the Palestinian samples was more than that of the Moroccan samples.     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定蜂胶中的12种活性成分

采用超高效液相色谱法同时测定了蜂胶中类黄酮、阿魏酸、咖啡酸苯乙酯等12种活性成分。蜂胶样品用甲醇稀释,超声波提取,样液过滤后以Acquity BEH C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)为分离柱,0.4%磷酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,采用二极管阵列检测器检测。整个分离过程在9.5 min内完成。以加标蜂胶样品做添加回收测定,12种化合物的回收率为90.1%～104.3%,相对标准偏差为2.12%～4.90%。该方法为评价蜂胶质量提供了一种新的检测方法,已应用于实际蜂胶样品的测定。     

Molecular Insights into the Antistress Potentials of Brazilian Green Propolis Extract and Its Constituent Artepillin C

Propolis, also known as bee-glue, is a resinous substance produced by honeybees from materials collected from plants they visit. It contains mixtures of wax and bee enzymes and is used by bees as a building material in their hives and by humans for different purposes in traditional healthcare practices. Although the composition of propolis has been shown to depend on its geographic location, climatic zone, and local flora; two largely studied types of propolis: (i) New Zealand and (ii) Brazilian green propolis have been shown to possess Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) and Artepillin C (ARC) as the main bioactive constituents, respectively. We have earlier reported that CAPE and ARC possess anticancer activities, mediated by abrogation of mortalin-p53 complex and reactivation of p53 tumor suppressor function. Like CAPE, Artepillin C (ARC) and the supercritical extract of green propolis (GPSE) showed potent anticancer activity. In this study, we recruited low doses of GPSE and ARC (that did not affect either cancer cell proliferation or migration) to investigate their antistress potential using in vitro cell based assays. We report that both GPSE and ARC have the capability to disaggregate metal- and heat-induced aggregated proteins. Metal-induced aggregation of GFP was reduced by fourfold in GPSE- as well as ARC-treated cells. Similarly, whereas heat-induced misfolding of luciferase protein showed 80% loss of activity, the cells treated with either GPSE or ARC showed 60–80% recovery. Furthermore, we demonstrate their pro-hypoxia (marked by the upregulation of HIF-1α) and neuro-differentiation (marked by differentiation morphology and upregulation of expression of GFAP, β-tubulin III, and MAP2). Both GPSE and ARC also offered significant protection against oxidative stress and, hence, may be useful in the treatment of old age-related brain pathologies.     

高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱检测中国杨树型蜂胶、巴西绿蜂胶和杨树胶中的酚类化合物及真伪鉴别

建立了用于检测中国杨树型蜂胶、巴西绿蜂胶和杨树胶中23种酚类化合物的高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（HPLC/Q-TOF MS）法，并进行了差异性分析。蜂胶和树胶样品用甲醇-水（1：1，v/v）溶解后，过0.45 μm有机相滤膜后进样。采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱分离，以乙腈和0.1%（体积分数）甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱，电喷雾正离子模式全扫描方式检测，扫描范围为m/z 100~1000，外标法定量。结果表明，23种酚类化合物在10~200 μg/L范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.99。桔皮素和刺芒柄花素的检出限和定量限分别为0.2和1 μg/L，其他化合物的检出限和定量限分别为2和10 μg/L。在10、25和50 mg/kg 3个添加水平下，23种酚类化合物在3种样品基质中的提取回收率为70.2%~122.6%，RSD值均小于10%。水杨苷、肉桂酸、咖啡酸和香豆酸可以作为中国杨树型蜂胶掺假鉴别的特征化合物，咖啡酸、阿魏酸、白杨素、咖啡酸苯乙酯、松属素、高良姜素、香豆酸、异鼠李素、山柰素和阿替匹林C可以作为辨别中国杨树型蜂胶和巴西绿蜂胶的特征化合物。该结果对蜂胶产品的质量控制具有一定的参考意义。     

Phytochemical investigation,physicochemical characterization,and antimicrobial activities of Ethiopian propolis

Propolis is a natural resin substance produced by honeybees by collecting from parts of plants, buds, and exudates that are used for several biological activities such as antimicrobial, and fungicide functions. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical, physicochemical, and antimicrobial activity of propolis collected from Boji Dirmaji and Fincha’a districts of western Ethiopia. The physicochemical characteristics, phytochemical screening, and antimicrobial activity of Ethiopian propolis against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated using the disk diffusion method from its essential oils and crude ethanol extract were evaluated based on standard procedures. The results indicated that propolis was rich in saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, and glycosides. Physicochemically, n-hexane extractable substances ranged between 8.6 and 33.9%, resins soluble 14.8–16.8%, insoluble residues 70.8–85.5%, moisture 1.7–4.6%, and ash content 2.8–9.7%, and 4.8 pH. The antimicrobial activities of essential oils propolis were active against Escherichia coli with an average inhibition zone of 18.3 ± 0.52 mm and 18.9 ± 0.06 mm at concentrations of 10 and 20 μl in Dirmaji districts. Moreover, the crude ethanol extracted propolis had nearly the same effect of inhibition to Escherichia coli. However, both crude extract and its essential oils didn’t show any activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. The analyzed propolis is promising antimicrobial activity from Gram-negative which is very notorious for people of the world.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蜂胶铬软胶囊中铬

目的：建立蜂胶铬软胶囊质量控制的方法。方法采用浓硝酸-过氧化氢混合液微波消解样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蜂胶铬软胶囊中铬含量。结果铬元素在0.4～2.5 mg· L-1范围内线性关系良好,样品铬测定值为49.92μg/粒,相对标准偏差为3.29％。茶叶标准物质（ GSB-7）中铬元素的测定值与认定值相吻合。结论实验表明,方法简单、准确、可行,可作为蜂胶铬软胶囊中铬的检测方法。