Application of Natural Clinoptilolite for Ammonium Removal from Sludge Water

Sludge water (SW) arising from the dewatering of anaerobic digested sludge causes high back loads of ammonium, leading to high stress (inhibition of the activity of microorganisms by an oversupply of nitrogen compounds (substrate inhibition)) for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). On the other hand, ammonium is a valuable resource to substitute ammonia from the energy intensive Haber-Bosch process for fertilizer production. Within this work, it was investigated to what extent and under which conditions Carpathian clinoptilolite powder (CCP 20) can be used to remove ammonium from SW and to recover it. Two different SW, originating from municipal WWTPs were investigated (SW1: c₀ = 967 mg/L NH₄-N, municipal wastewater; SW2: c₀ = 718–927 mg/L NH₄-N, large industrial wastewater share). The highest loading was achieved at 307 K with 16.1 mg/g (SW1) and 15.3 mg/g (SW2) at 295 K. Kinetic studies with different specific dosages (0.05 g_CLI/mg_NH4-N), temperatures (283–307 K) and pre-loaded CCP 20 (0–11.4 mg/g) were conducted. At a higher temperature a higher load was achieved. Already after 30 min contact time, regardless of the sludge water, a high load up to 7.15 mg/g at 307 K was reached, achieving equilibrium after 120 min. Pre-loaded sorbent could be further loaded with ammonium when it was recontacted with the SW.     

Hierarchical Cu precipitation in lamellated steel after multistage heat treatment

Abstract

The hierarchical distribution of Cu-rich precipitates (CRPs) and related partitioning and segregation behaviours of solute atoms were investigated in a 1.54 Cu-3.51 Ni (wt.%) low-carbon high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel after multistage heat treatment by using the combination of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). Intercritical tempering at 725 °C of as-quenched lathlike martensitic structure leads to the coprecipitation of CRPs at the periphery of a carbide precipitate which is possibly in its paraequilibrium state due to distinct solute segregation at the interface. The alloyed carbide and CRPs provide constituent elements for each other and make the coprecipitation thermodynamically favourable. Meanwhile, austenite reversion occurs to form fresh secondary martensite (FSM) zone where is rich in Cu and pertinent Ni and Mn atoms, which gives rise to a different distributional morphology of CRPs with large size and high density. In addition, conventional tempering at 500 °C leads to the formation of nanoscale Cu-rich clusters in α-Fe matrix. As a consequence, three populations of CRPs are hierarchically formed around carbide precipitate, at FSM zone and in α-Fe matrix. The formation of different precipitated features can be turned by controlling diffusion pathways of related solute atoms and further to tailor mechanical properties via proper multistage heat treatments.     

高强混凝土单轴压缩声发射频率特征试验研究

为研究高强混凝土破裂前声发射信号的频率特征,对C60、C70、C80高强混凝土试件进行单轴压缩下的高、低频双通道声发射试验,得到破裂过程的力学参数和声发射参数,探求高强混凝土不同加载阶段声发射信号频率的分布特征。研究表明,三种高强混凝土在峰值应力前,高、低频通道声发射信号均集中在特定的频段内;临近峰值应力时,高、低频通道的声发射信号频率向低频段移动,同时优势频段内的频率趋于分散,这可作为预测高强混凝土破坏的前兆信息。     

New developments of advanced high-strength steels for automotive applications

Automotive industry asks for higher resistant steels to lighten parts and improve crash resistance. Keeping a good ductility while increasing tensile strength requires the development of new grades in which hardening mechanisms counteract the drop in elongation when enhancing mechanical resistance. This is mainly achieved with multiphase steels and completing dislocation hardening by twinning and martensite transformation during straining. This has led to high-strength steel families, some of them being already used in body in white (Dual Phase (DP) and TRIP steels). Others, still in development, will soon emerge on the market (Quenched and Partitioned (Q&P), medium-Mn steels or TWIP).     

一代树状碳硅烷液晶研究－端基含12个丁氧基偶氮苯介晶基元

用发散法合成周边含12个丁氧基偶氮苯介晶基元（M5）端基新的一代树状碳硅 烷（D1）。并用元素分析、核磁共振、激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱、红外、紫外、 偏光显微镜、差示扫描量热（DSC）和广角X射线衍射（WAXD）表征。D1为向列相与 M5相同，树状物相态由介晶基元相态决定，D1相行为：K82N133I132N67K，D1熔点 比M5降低30－43℃，D1清亮点比M5增加9－11℃，D1介晶相区比M5加宽39－54℃， 观察到8条黑刷的树状物的高强向错（S＝＋2），D1清亮焓值略低于通常液晶n-i相 变清亮焓值，原因是枝化的树状物核心不易完全变形为液晶态的各向异性结构。     

Direct observation of Cu interphase precipitation in continuous cooling transformation by atom probe tomography

Atom probe tomography (APT) combined with electron back scatter diffraction and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) is utilized to characterize the nature of copper precipitation during austenite–ferrite transformation in a continuous cooling high-strength low-alloy steel. The copper precipitation manners in association with the austenite decomposition kinetics are studied. The prevailing microstructure of the continuous cooling steel consists of acicular ferrite (AF), which is formed at an intermediate cooling rate of 10?°C/s. Besides, a limited volume of polygonal ferrite (PF) because of fast cooling rate and a trace of retained austenite are detected. Numerous copper-rich phase is found by TEM observation both in highly dislocated AF and dislocation-free PF. Generally, the copper-rich precipitates have comparatively large sizes and are considered to be formed by interphase precipitation during austenite–ferrite transformation. A high number density of nanometre sized copper-rich clusters that are lack of diffraction contrast in conventional TEM observation are detected by APT. These smaller copper-rich clusters, which are usually located between the linear-arranged copper-rich precipitates, are considered to be formed from supersaturated solid solution after the cessation of austenite–ferrite transformation. That means an ageing reaction for Cu precipitation occurs during continuous cooling transformation. The copper-rich precipitates and clusters are both rich in nickel, manganese and iron.     

7A04高强铝合金抗杆弹正撞击性能实验研究

 7A04铝合金具有较高的强度-密度比,广泛应用于穿甲工程材料领域。在轻气炮上进行了平头和卵形钢杆弹体正撞击10 mm厚7A04铝合金板的实验研究,得到了两种弹体撞击7A04铝合金靶板的损伤形式和特性。使用高速相机记录了撞击过程并测得了弹体的剩余速度,得到了两种弹体撞击10 mm厚7A04铝合金靶板的弹道极限。实验表明,此种铝合金靶板抗卵形弹体正撞击的能力强于平头弹。     

玻璃纤维的表面金属化

采用以甲醛为还原剂、EDTA·Na2和TART·KNa为络合剂的双络合剂体系对玻璃纤维表面进行了化学镀铜.结果表明,在玻璃纤维表面上成功镀覆上一层致密、亮铜色的铜镀层.     

利用焦宝石和钾长石制备低密高强陶粒支撑剂的研究

以焦宝石和钾长石为原料,在1380 ～1480℃下烧结制备了低密高强陶粒支撑剂,研究了烧结温度对支撑剂性能的影响.结果表明:1420℃烧结制备的20/40陶粒支撑剂性能最佳,其体积密度为1.56 g/cm3,视密度为2.72g/cm3,在52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为6.32;.在烧结过程中,钾长石软化分解生成的长石玻璃相降低了支撑剂的烧结温度,同时玻璃相的生成有利于Al2O3和SiO2的相互扩散,促进了莫来石相的形成与生长.另外,长石玻璃相填充于坯体的莫来石相之间,使得支撑剂较致密,从而提高了支撑剂的力学性能和化学稳定性.     

高温后高强高性能混凝土双轴压力学性能

利用大型静动真三轴试验机,进行了常温20${^\circ}$C以及200${^\circ}$C$\sim $ 600${^\circ}$C\,6个温度等级高温后高强高性能混凝土在7种应力比双轴压应力状态下的强度与变形试验.测得了双轴主压方向的静态强度、峰值应变与应力应变曲线,剖析了温度和应力比对单、双轴压强度与峰值应变发展趋势的影响规律性以及试件破坏形态. 试验结果表明:随温度的升高,高强高性能混凝土的单轴压减摩强度并不一定降低;双轴压强度相对于单轴压强度的提高倍数取决于应力比、不同温度等级后的高强高性能混凝土``脆硬性'. 提出了带有温度和应力比参数的Kupfer-Gerstle破坏准则公式.