Degradation study of selected organophosphorus insecticides in natural waters

The degradation of 15 organophosphorus insecticides was studied in drinking, ground, and surface waters under different laboratory-controlled and environmental conditions. Surface waters originated from rivers Savinja (near the city of Celje) and Kamniska Bistrica (at the spring), which both belong to the Danube river basin. Groundwater was collected from wells (70?m deep) in Ljubljana, which are the direct source of drinking water for the capital. These matrices were selected on the basis of their different chemical composition and microbial activity. Major factors influencing the degradation were determined, such as temperature, oxygen, sunlight, pH, and type of water. The degradation of atrazine, present in many water sources in Slovenija, was followed simultaneously as a reference under the same conditions. The degradation kinetics was followed by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection, which also allowed the identification of some degradation by-products, such as oxon analogues paraoxon, dyfoxon, malaoxon, phenyl-methyl sulfoxide, fenthion sulfone, phorate sulfoxide, and phorate sulfone. The results show that the half-lives of the selected organophosphorus insecticides varied from 4 to 192 days or more, depending on the water source and experimental conditions. As a result, kinetically constants and half-lives were calculated for every tested insecticide, and major degradation products were determined.     

Native vs photoinduced chemiluminescence in dimethoate determination

The determination of dimethoate using either its native chemiluminescent (CL) properties or its photoinduced chemiluminescence obtained by irradiation with a 15 W low-pressure mercury lamp was studied. Thereby, two flow injection systems (FIA) with and without irradiation were exhaustively optimized and their analytical characteristics studied. Better sensitivity and selectivity was found in absence of irradiation, due to the enhancing effect of hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HPC), which acted as a sensitizer. In the developed FIA-CL system, the alkaline hydrolysis of dimethoate with NaOH was performed on-line in presence of HPC. The oxidation of the product of hydrolysis with Ce(IV) in hydrochloric medium induced chemiluminescence. The method provided a limit of detection of only 0.05 ng mL⁻¹ without any pre-treatment. However, the combination with solid phase extraction allowed the removal of some potential interferents as well as the preconcentration of the pesticide. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to natural waters with recoveries between 95 and 108%.     

Study on degradation of dimethoate solution in ultrasonic airlift loop reactor

In this work, the degradation of dimethoate solution in ultrasonic airlift loop reactor (UALR) assisted with advanced oxidation processes was studied. The effects of O₃ flow rate, ultrasonic intensity, pH value and reaction temperature on the degradation rate were investigated. UALR imposed a synergistic effect combining sonochemical merit with high O₃ transfer rate. Under the optimal operation conditions: ultrasonic irradiation time was 4 h, O₃ flow rate was 0.41 m³ h⁻¹, ultrasonic intensity was 4.64 W cm⁻², pH value was 10.0, reaction temperature was 25 °C, and initial concentration of dimethoate was 20 mg L⁻¹, degradation rate of dimethoate increased to 90.8%. The experimental results indicated that the method of UALR degradation of organic pollutants in the presence of gas could reduce reaction time and improve degradation rate. UALR was an advisable choice for treating organic waste waters and this device could be easily scale up. Thus this process has wide application prospect in industry.     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定乐果的不确定度评定

本文以测定样品中乐果的含量为例,评定了气相色谱-质谱联用法测定结果的不确定度.建立数学模型,分析各不确定度分量,将不确定度分量合成,并计算其测定结果的扩展不确定度.     

顺序注射-化学发光法测定环境水样中痕量乐果

基于在盐酸溶液中,乐果在氢氧化钠介质中的水解产物被铈(Ⅳ)氧化而产生强烈的化学发光,并结合应用顺序注射技术,提出了SI-CL法测定环境水样中痕量乐果的方法。采用三区带进样模式,将试剂按以下方式组合:(a)0.3mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液与8g·L-1 HPC溶液混合,(b)水样及(c)0.035mol·L-1硫酸铈铵溶液与1.2mol·L-1盐酸溶液混合。其进样体积依次为(a)200μL,(b)200μL和(c)80μL。化学发光强度与乐果的质量浓度在1~100μg·L-1和100~800μg·L-1两个范围内呈线性关系。检出限(3σ)为0.17μg·L-1。回收率在85.7%~119%之间。     

最小二乘支持向量机和内标法的乐果农药含量LIBS检测

利用共线双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱 (LIBS)对溶液中的乐果含量进行定量检测。采用圆柱形桐木木片对农药乐果进行富集,然后利用双通道高精度光谱仪获取样本在206.28~481.77 nm波段范围的LIBS光谱。选用4条磷元素谱线(P Ⅰ 213.618 nm,P Ⅰ 214.91 nm,P Ⅰ 253.56 nm,P Ⅰ 255.325 nm)为分析线,碳元素谱线(C Ⅰ 247.856 nm)为内标线,应用单变量线性拟合及最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)方法分别建立溶液中乐果含量的单变量定标模型、LSSVM定标模型及基于内标法的LSSVM定标模型,并进行比较。三个定标模型中,基于内标法的LSSVM定标模型性能最优,LSSVM定标模型性能次之,而单变量定标模型性能最差。结果表明,共线双脉冲LIBS技术结合LSSVM及内标法可以用于溶液中的乐果含量定量检测,所建立的定标模型的决定系数为0.999 7,训练集和验证集的平均相对误差分别为11.24%及12.01%。LSSVM方法及内标法均能在一定程度上改善定标模型的性能,提高预测精度。     

乐果分子的太赫兹时域光谱研究

研究了有机磷农药乐果在0.2~2.5 THz波段的光谱特性。应用密度泛函理论的Becke-3-Lee-Yang-Parr(B3LYP)方法计算了乐果分子在THz波段的振动吸收谱,同时利用THz时域光谱系统(THz-TDS)测得了乐果在此波段的吸收谱和折射率谱。根据理论计算结果,借助于Gaussian View软件对乐果的THz吸收谱进行了指认,并给出了与光谱特征吸收对应的分子振动构象。研究表明:乐果分子在THz波段存在吸收峰,理论计算与实验结果符合较好,且乐果分子在THz波段的吸收是由分子内和分子间振动共同引起。本研究证明了将THz-TDS技术用于乐果分子探测和识别的可行性,为THz时域光谱技术在其它农药分子识别和残留检测中的应用提供了有益的借鉴。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pesticides from olive branches: a multifactorial approach to method development

A rapid and simple method has been developed for the analysis in olive branches of two insecticides currently used in olive pest control, dimethoate and α-cypermethrin. The effects of analytical conditions on pesticide recovery and the optimal extraction conditions were evaluated by means of a factorial design. The use of this chemometric tool in analytical method development allows the identification of the principal and interaction effects of the extraction conditions on the recovery of pesticides. It also gives information about the location of pesticide maximum recovery with minimal experimental investment. Extraction was carried out with an ultrasonic bath and the experimental conditions studied included the volume of extractant, the time of extraction, the number of extraction steps and the sample weight. The sample was further cleaned up using a Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridge. For the overall extraction procedure, recoveries of 99 % for α-cypermethrin and 90 % for dimethoate from the spiked samples were found for 1 g of sample extracted three times with 35 mL hexane, sonicating for 2 min in each step. The complete process including ultrasonic extraction and filtration will not require more than 15–20 min, in contrast with several hours for conventional liquid–solid extraction techniques. The proposed method allows a high sample throughput, as commonly required in monitoring studies.     

微量乐果农药残留比色光谱快速检测方法

为快速、安全地检测常用有机磷农药乐果的残留,根据乐果含有硫基,和氯化钯反应生成黄色络合物硫化钯的原理,使用乙酸代替常用的浓盐酸溶解氯化钯,配置成氯化钯乙酸溶液作为比色剂,与不同浓度的乐果乳油分别发生显色反应。采集显色反应后溶液的吸光度谱图表明：用乙酸代替浓盐酸作为氯化钯溶剂效果更理想,在300～900 nm波段的吸收光谱可以区分0.5 mg·kg-1的农药浓度,满足国标GB2763—2012规定的部分水果及蔬菜中农残的检测要求。随机配置40个0.5～88 mg·kg-1样本浓度,对比SG等预处理效果,分别用PCA和PLS方法建立预测模型,30个作为建模集,10个作为验证集。在350～900 nm波段建立的模型相关系数r较低。根据吸光度谱图计算出乐果的相关系数在458 nm处达到最大值0.957 2,由此分别选取特征区间453～463和400～600 nm。经过比较得出以下结论：经过SG等预处理后,在400～600 nm波段,使用PLS方法建立的模型在主成分为4时最优,其训练集r=0.994 1,RMSEP=2.770,验证集r=0.9933,RMSEP=2.214。该方法操作安全,显色反应时间为2 min,为进一步研究快速、安全的有机磷农药实用检测仪器提供了理论与技术支撑。