氦气回收纯化系统的设计与应用

为实现激波风洞试验尾气氦气(氦含量>80%)的回收和循环利用，研制了一套氦气回收与纯化系统。该系统采用三塔真空变压吸附的技术将试验尾气中的氮气等杂质气体去除，得到纯度大于98%的氦气。系统采用开式纯化和闭式纯化相结合的工艺方式，将氦气的回收率提高到97%。系统调试结果表明，研制的氦气回收纯化系统在常温条件下实现了风洞试验尾气的回收、纯化和循环使用，有效地降低了风洞运行和维护成本，同时也节约了氦气资源。     

915 nm宽条形半导体激光器输出特性

为了研究温升对915 nm宽条形应变量子阱半导体激光器输出特性的影响,搭建了基于半导体制冷片(TEC)的双向温控平台对其进行了测试。首先,改变激光器的外表面温度,测量其在不同注入电流时的光功率和波长,并利用CCD相机测量其慢轴发散角。然后,利用计算机仿真软件对激光器的工作状态进行稳态模拟,从而获得了其对应的热分布情况,通过将模拟得到的数据与实验测量的结果进行比较,获得了两者趋于一致的结论:当热功率从2.1 W升高至20.0 W时,慢轴发散角从2.6°增大至5.0°,同时波长发生红移,热透镜焦距减小;激光器波长随温度变化关系的系数约为0.4 nm/℃,器件热阻为1.5 K/W。因此,为了同时获得高的输出功率和稳定的输出波长,有必要将激光器外表面温度精确控制在某一数值,否则波长将会发生漂移;此外,在设计制作高功率半导体激光器时,通过适当增加条宽并采用散热良好的封装结构,可以减小对慢轴发散角的影响。     

高效液相色谱法测定地塞米松及有关物质

建立了高效液相色谱法测定地塞米松及有关物质的方法。采用Kromasil 100-5 C_(18)(250 mm×4. 6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以水和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1. 5 mL/min,检测波长240 nm,柱温40℃,进样量20μL。在上述色谱条件下,地塞米松与1,2-二氢物、16β-甲基环氧物和17-脱氧-21醇等杂质分离效果好,地塞米松在4～480μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,检测限为0. 32μg/mL,1,2-二氢物、16β-甲基环氧物和17-脱氧-21醇在0. 2～4. 0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,检测限分别为0. 058,0. 063,0. 060μg/mL。方法可用于测定地塞米松及有关物质的含量。     

双官能单萜氧杂二环二醇乙酸酯类衍生物的合成及其除草活性

以(3R,4R)-4,7,7-三甲基-6-氧杂二环[3,2,1]辛烷-3,4-二醇(1)和乙酰氯(2)为原料,经"一锅法"制得混合物Ⅰ;Ⅰ经分离纯化得4个新型的双官能单萜氧杂二环二醇乙酸酯类衍生物(3a~3d),其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR,FT-IR和HR-MS表征。考察了物料比r[n(2)∶n(1)]和反应时间对3a~3d相对浓度的影响。结果表明,在反应条件[1 5 mmol,r=7,回流反应7 h]下,3a~3d的相对浓度分别为21.6%,15.6%,37.9%和24.9%;在反应条件[1 5 mmol,r=4,回流反应7 h]下,3a~3d的相对浓度分别为50.7%,36.6%,7.84%和4.86%。用培养皿法测试了1和3a~3d的除草活性。实验结果表明,1和3a~3d均能显著抑制一年生黑麦草胚根与胚芽生长;在用药浓度为5 mmol·L-1时,1和3a~3d对根长抑制率分别为55.1%,86.0%,84.2%,91.3%和97.5%;对芽长抑制率分别为55.1%,76.5%,92.8%,94.8%和98.4%。     

Chiral separation abilities of homogeneously synthesized cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamates: Influences of degree of substitution and molecular weight

A series of cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamates(CDMPCs) with different degrees of substitution(DS) and degrees of polymerization(DP) were homogeneously synthesized in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride(Amim Cl). Then, the CDMPCs were coated on silica gel and used as chiral stationary phases(CSPs), and their chiral recognition abilities for seven racemates were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that DS and DP of CDMPCs had a great influence on chiral recognition abilities of the CSPs. The CSPs with the DS ≈ 1 gives a low chiral recognition to most racemates. On the contrast, the CSPs with the DS ? 2 exhibited high chiral separation abilities. For example, six racemates could be separated on the CSP with CDMPC of DS ≈ 2(CSP-2). Especially, for the enantioseparation of 1-(2-naphthyl) ethanol and Tr?ger's base, CSP-2 gave the highest separation ability in all of CSPs. On the other hand, when the DP of cellulose was in a range from 39 to 220, the chiral separation abilities of CDMPCs increased as the DP increased. This work demonstrates that the structure of cellulose esters such as DS and DP has important effect on their chiral separation ability, and therefore provides a practical method to design and prepare desirable CSPs for different racemates.     

Synthesis and characterization of temperature-sensitive cellulose-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers

A new series of cellulose-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(cellulose-g-PNIPAM) copolymers were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP) of N-isopropylacrylamide monomers from a cellulose-based macro-initiator, which was homogeneously synthesized in an ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride(Amim Cl). The composition of cellulose-g-PNIPAM copolymers could be adjusted by altering the feeding ratio and reaction time. The resultant copolymers with relatively high content of PNIPAM segments(molar substitution of PNIPAM ? 18.3) were soluble in water at room temperature. Aqueous solutions of cellulose-g-PNIPAM copolymers exhibited clear temperature-sensitive behavior, and their sol-to-gel phase transition properties were investigated by dynamic light scattering(DLS) and UV measurements. Compared with pure PNIPAM, the cellulose-g-PNIPAM copolymers possessed higher lower critical solution temperatures(LCST) in a range from 36.9 ?C to 40.8 ?C, which are close to normal human body temperature, and could be tuned by adjusting the content of PNIPAM segments in copolymers. Spherical structure of cellulose-g-PNIPAM copolymers formed at temperatures above LCST and its morphology was observed by TEM and SEM. These novel cellulose-g-PNIPAM copolymers may be attractive substrates for some biomedical applications, such as drug release and tissue engineering.     

基于真实情境的初中化学微项目教学实践与反思*——以“溶液的形成”为例

以“溶液的形成”为例进行微项目教学实践,选择学生熟悉的护手霜为主题情境,巧妙设计了“原料分散”“微观探秘”“辨识活动”“对比实验”“感知乳化”等系列微项目活动,通过情境不断地设置认知冲突,引导学生反思、修正并最终形成更完善的概念,在环环相扣的探究活动中使学生自主建构结构化的知识。通过制作“护手霜”将“溶解”和“乳化”串联,感知溶液,感受乳化,感悟人与自然、社会的和谐、可持续发展。     

四氯化碳液相催化加氢制氯仿多元金属催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以贵金属M(=Pd,Pt)为主要活性成分,掺加过渡金属Fe和Ni作为助剂,采取浸渍和氢气还原法制备了椰壳活性炭(ACcs)负载的单元金属(M/ACcs)、二元金属(M-Ni/ACcs、M-Fe/ACcs)和三元金属(M-Ni-Fe/ACcs)系列催化剂;通过CC_l4液相催化加氢制氯仿反应考察了这些催化剂的催化活性和选择性。结果表明,Pd基催化剂的催化活性明显高于Pt基催化剂,但后者对氯仿的选择性优于前者;在前5 h加氢反应时段,两系列催化剂的活性顺序为:Pd-Ni-Fe/ACcsPd-Fe/ACcsPd/ACcsPd-Ni/ACcs和Pt/ACcs≈Pt-Fe/ACcsPt-Ni/ACcsPt-Ni-Fe/ACcs;总体上,引入Fe对于催化性能的改善效果要优于Ni,Ni的单独引入则会不同程度地降低催化活性。综合考量成本、活性和选择性等因素,优选Pd-Ni-Fe/ACcs作为催化剂,在393 K下反应5 h,可实现CC_l497.6%的转化率以及接近100%氯仿的选择性。     

高维线性插值方法及其在3维温度场计算中的应用

通过分析1维和2维线性插值可以推导出任意斜角直线坐标系下n维线性插值的一般计算公式以及有唯一解的条件,这一结论能够应用于三维温度场计算。可以将n维插值问题归结如下:已知n 1维空间中的n 1个点的坐标以及第n 2个点的n个坐标分量xn 2,1,x n 2,2,,xn 2,n,求解该点的第n 1个坐标分量xn 2,n 1。根据线性插值定义,第n 2个点位于前n 1个点所确定的n维超平面上。根据这一条件列写方程、求解方程可得到插值xn 2,n 1。n维插值问题有唯一解的条件是已知的n 1个点在n维空间中构成的多面体的体积不为0。推导过程在斜角直线坐标系中完成,因而结论具有较大普适性。     

用HLLC方法处理运动边界

针对含有运动边界非结构网格点的显式有限体积方法，研究了如何使用HLLC方法处理运动边界条件，计算了活塞拉伸、压缩问题，并和解析解进行了比较．作为应用示例，比较了静止圆柱绕流和静止流场中运动圆柱的绕流情形。结果表明：应用HLLC方法处理运动边界是可行的。