Low-V(pi) electro-optic modulator with a high-microbeta chromophore and a constant-bias field

A low half-wave voltage V(pi) of 1.57 V was obtained with a 2-cm-long birefringent polymer waveguide modulator at a wavelength of 1.3 microm by use of a modulator design with a constant-bias electric field and a high-microbeta chromophore. The design allows the maximum achievable electro-optic coefficient of the material to be utilized. This electro-optic coefficient can be more than twice as high as the residue value that is used by conventional modulator designs, after fast partial relaxation following poling.     

Branching of Solutions of the Abstract Kinetic Equation

In this paper, bifurcation of solutions of a special nonlinear operator equation used in mathematical physics is considered. In the case of an equation for which the Fréchet derivative of the associated operator is a locally perturbed Fredholm operator, sufficient conditions for branching of solutions are studied. The methodology of application of the formalism developed in the paper is demonstrated by the example of the Boltzmann equation.