Doppler-free high resolution spectroscopy of carbon disulphide and the effects of a magnetic field

A single-mode autoscan laser spectrometer operating in the ultraviolet in combination with a collimated molecular beam was used to measure high resolution fluorescence excitation spectra of the CS₂ V ¹B₂ ← X ¹Σ⁺ _g transition under collision-free conditions, and the effects of a magnetic field were measured. Rotational and vibrational levels were fully resolved, and Zeeman splittings were observed in many of the perturbed lines. The Zeeman interaction was observed to induce new perturbation, which induces new transitions, level splitting, and energy shift. When the magnetic field strength was changed, the magnitude of the interaction, which was observed in the absence of a magnetic field, changed dramatically depending on the energy shifts of the Zeeman components. It is shown that the V ¹B₂(¹Δ_u) state is mixed with the B₂(³A₂) component by first-order spin-orbit interaction, and through the mixed component, the Zeeman interaction between the V ¹B₂(¹Δ_u) and ³A₂(³Δ_u) states is induced. Large Zeeman splittings were observed for most of the background lines of weak intensity, and this demonstrates that the background levels are levels of the ³A₂(³Δ_u) state. The fluorescence decays of single Zeeman components were observed to be single exponential. The lifetimes of the perturbing ³A₂(³Δ_u) levels were determined by deperturbation analysis. Triplet-triplet ³A₂(³Δ_u) → ³B₂(³Σ⁺ _u) emission was confirmed. It was demonstrated that the quenching of the V ¹B₂ → X ¹Σ⁺ _g fluorescence by a magnetic field was caused by mixing of the ³A₂ state with the V ¹B₂ state and the resulting increase of triplet-triplet emission. In a time-dependent picture, the intersystem crossing from the ¹B₂(¹Δ_u) and ³A₂(³Δ_u) states is enhanced by the magnetic field.     

Stability of Frobenius pull-backs of tangent bundles and generic injectivity of Gauss maps in positive characteristic

For a smooth projective variety X of dimension n in a projective space defined over an algebraically closed field k, the Gauss mapis a morphism from X to the Grassmannian of n-plans in sending to the embedded tangent space .The purpose of this paper is to prove the generic injectivity of Gauss mapsin positive characteristic for two cases; (1) weighted complete intersectionsof dimension of general type; (2) surfaces or 3-folds with -semistable tangent bundles; based on a criterion of Kaji by looking atthe stability of Frobenius pull-backs of their tangent bundles. The first result implies that a conjecture of Kleiman--Piene is true in case X is of general type of dimension . The second result is a generalization of the injectivity for curves.     

A Paradox of Economic Growth and Relative Deprivation

Rapid economic growth sometimes intensifies people's frustration. In this article, we attempt to formulate this kind of paradox of economic growth, and to explain theoretically how economic growth increases people's dissatisfaction by way of the notion of relative deprivation by employing the theoretical framework of Yitzhaki's relative deprivation index. We introduce the problem of the China puzzle as the latest case of the paradox. Then, we introduce the definition of Yitzhaki's index of relative deprivation, and use this to explain the China puzzle. Besides, through a theoretical examination of Yitzhaki's index, we propose a proposition proving that an increase of relative deprivation in the society can occur even when the amount of wealth increases and the degree of inequality reduces.     

Observation and reaction control of a singlet born radical pair formed photochemically in an SDS micelle by pulsed microwave irradiation

The photochemical reaction of tetraphenylhydrazine in an SDS micellar solution is studied using a transient absorption detected magnetic resonance (ADMR) method. This system is photo-dissociated via the singlet excited state and forms a transient radical pair. Strong microwave irradiation of this system under an × band EPR magnetic field provides an ADMR spectrum of the singlet born radical pair as the optical absorbance change of the diphenylaminyl radical. The employment of a short duration microwave pulse that efficiently flips the electron spin quantum (Δm _s = 1) controls the reaction of the radical pair, and the reaction rate constant of this system is determined. Furthermore, changing the microwave duration shows the quantum beat of this system induced by the electromagnetic field. This beat signal carries both a single beat that corresponds to the Rabi frequency and a double-frequency beat that is due to simultaneous two-spin controlling.     

Effect of Home-based Exercise Therapy for Peripheral Arterial Disease Patients Underwent Endovascular Treatment: A Clinical Controlled Design

Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of home-based exercise therapy on physical activity in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients after EVT. Methods: Study design was controlled clinical design. The subjects were 30 patients (76.6% men) who underwent EVT in the Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama. Patients with EVT meeting the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups, intervention group (Home-based exercise) and control group. Patients'' basic characteristics, the number of steps walked and QOL questionnaire (WIQ, SEPA, Vascu QOL) were assessed before surgery and, at the 3 month after discharge. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare number of steps walked and QOL questionnaire. Results: Interaction effect were observed in the number of steps walked (F (1,28) =13.89, p<0.01). A multiple comparison test confirmed a significant increase between results of before surgery and at three months after surgery in the intervention group (p<0.01). An interaction between the presence and absence of intervention was found for the WIQ pain score (F(1,28) = 5.86, p=0.01), speed score (F(1,28) = 3.80, p=0.04) and SEPA (F(1,28) = 4.99, p=0.03). In a multiple comparison study, there was a significant increase in WIQ pain and speed scores in both groups before and 3 months after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: Home-based exercise therapy using physical activity indices has the potential to improve number of steps and quality of life in patients with PAD after EVT.     

High resolution off-magic-angle spinning NMR for cholesteric liquid crystals

High resolution NMR of cholesteric liquid crystals is realized by off-magic-angle spinning (OMAS). Using the average potential theory, it is shown that the pitch axes of a cholesteric liquid crystal with a positive (negative) magnetic susceptibility anisotropy are aligned along the spinning axis with an OMAS angle larger (smaller) than the magic angle without any distortion of the helical structure, which is untwisted or distorted by the static magnetic field in some static samples. Hence, the line broadening due to the anisotropies of chemical shifts and/or quadrupole couplings is removed, while information of the anisotropies in cholesteric alignments can be obtained from the line positions. A detailed theoretical analysis of effects of spinning frequency and molecular diffusion along the pitch axis on the linewidth is given, predicting that the resolution is improved greatly at a spinning frequency much higher than the rotational diffusion coefficient. These theoretical results are verified by ¹³C OMAS experiments on a cholesteric liquid crystal of p-ethoxybenzyl-p-[(S)-2- methylbutyl]aniline (EBMBA) and cholesteric mixtures of p-methoxybenzylidene-p-n-butylaniline (MBBA) and cholesteryl chloride (CC).