双核烷基咪唑过氧磷钨酸盐相转移催化剂合成及催化烯烃环氧化性能

合成并表征了一类双核长链烷基咪唑阳离子修饰的过氧磷钨杂多酸盐催化剂[Dnmin]1.5PW4O24,考察了催化剂在过氧化氢为氧源的烯烃环氧化反应中的催化活性.研究表明,这类催化剂在反应过程中表现出相转移催化现象,并具有较高的催化活性和选择性.其中,双核十二烷基咪唑杂多酸盐催化剂[D12min]1.5PW4O24的活性最佳,其环己烯转化率和环氧环己烷选择性分别达到97.7%和96.3%.催化剂在经过简单离心分离后可重复使用,重复使用4次后环己烯转化率和环氧环己烷选择性仍可分别达到72.4%和97.2%.催化剂[D12min]1.5PW4O24在其它几种烯烃的环氧化反应中均表现出相转移催化特性,且具有较高的催化活性.     

Control of flight forces and moments by flapping wings of model bumblebee

The control of flight forces and moments by flapping wings of a model bumblebee is studied using the method of computational fluid dynamics.Hovering flight is taken as the reference flight:Wing kinematic parameters are varied with respect to their values at hovering flight.Moments about(and forces along)x,y,z axes that pass the center of mass are computed.Changing stroke amplitude(or wingbeat frequency)mainly produces a vertical force.Changing mean stroke angle mainly produces a pitch moment.Changing wing angle of attack,when down-and upstrokes have equal change,mainly produces a vertical force,while when down-and upstrokes have opposite changes,mainly produces a horizontal force and a pitch moment.Changing wing rotation timing,when dorsal and ventral rotations have the same timing,mainly produces a vertical force,while when dorsal and ventral rotations have opposite timings,mainly produces a pitch moment and a horizontal force.Changing rotation duration has very small effect on forces and moments.Anti-symmetrically changing stroke amplitude(or wingbeat frequency)of the contralateral wings mainly produces a roll moment.Anti-symmetrically changing angles of attack of the contralateral wings,when down-and upstrokes have equal change,mainly produces a roll moment,while when down-and upstrokes have opposite changes,mainly produces a yaw moment.Anti-symmetrically changing wing rotation timing of the contralateral wings,when dorsal and ventral rotations have the same timing,mainly produces a roll moment and a side force,while when dorsal and ventral rotations have opposite timings,mainly produces a yaw moment.Vertical force and moments about the three axes can be separately controlled by separate kinematic variables.A very fast rotation can be achieved with moderate changes in wing kinematics.     

Large aerodynamic forces on a sweeping wing at low Reynolds number

The aerodynamic forces and flow structure of a model insect wing is studied by solving the Navier-Stokes equations numerically. After an initial start from rest, the wing is made to execute an azimuthal rotation (sweeping) at a large angle of attack and constant angular velocity. The Reynolds number (Re) considered in the present note is 480 (Re is based on the mean chord length of the wing and the speed at 60% wing length from the wing root). During the constant-speed sweeping motion, the stall is absent and large and approximately constant lift and drag coefficients can be maintained. The mechanism for the absence of the stall or the maintenance of large aerodynamic force coefficients is as follows. Soon after the initial start, a vortex ring, which consists of the leading-edge vortex (LEV), the starting vortex, and the two wing-tip vortices, is formed in the wake of the wing. During the subsequent motion of the wing, a base-to-tip spanwise flow converts the vorticity in the LEV to the wing tip and the LEV keeps an approximately constant strength. This prevents the LEV from shedding. As a result, the size of the vortex ring increases approximately linearly with time, resulting in an approximately constant time rate of the first moment of vorticity, or approximately constant lift and drag coefficients. The variation of the relative velocity along the wing span causes a pressure gradient along the wingspan. The base-to-tip spanwise flow is mainly maintained by the pressure-gradient force. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10232010)     

熊蜂用于控制飞行的气动力和力矩

采用计算流体力学方法研究熊蜂用于控制飞行的气动力和力矩．结果表明,悬停时,每1个翅膀运动参数主要控制1个或2个气动力和力矩．当左右翅运动学参数对称变化时,改变拍动幅角（或拍动频率）主要可使垂直力改变．改变平均拍动角主要可使俯仰力矩改变．改变拍动攻角,上拍和下拍攻角等值同向变化时,主要可使垂直力改变;等值反向变化时,主要可使水平力改变．改变转动模式,当翅膀前拍靠近昆虫腹部和后拍靠近昆虫背部的转动模式相同变化时,主要可使垂直力改变;当翅膀前拍靠近昆虫腹部和后拍靠近昆虫背部的转动模式相反变化时,主要可使水平力和俯仰力矩改变．改变转动时间对气动力和力矩几乎无影响．当左右翅运动学参数反对称变化时,改变拍动幅角（或拍动频率）主要可使滚转力矩改变．改变拍动攻角,上拍和下拍攻角等值同向变化时,主要可使滚转力矩改变;等值反向变化时,主要可使偏航力矩改变．改变转动模式,当翅膀前拍靠近昆虫腹部和后拍靠近昆虫背部的转动模式相同变化时,主要可使侧向力和滚转力矩改变;当翅膀前拍靠近昆虫腹部和后拍靠近昆虫背部的转动模式相反变化时,主要可使偏航力矩改变．改变翅膀运动参数可分别控制3个方向的力矩及垂直力．改变拍动角可以改变垂直力;改变拍动角的平均位置可以改变俯仰力矩;反对称改变左右翅的拍动攻角可以改变滚转力矩;反对称改变拍动起始时刻可以改变偏航力矩．通过对翅膀运动参数的适当调整熊蜂即可实现快速转弯飞行．