Mechanochemical Synthesis as an Alternative Effective Technique for the Preparation of the Composite Catalysts

Kinetics and Catalysis - —Mechanochemical synthesis in a ball mill was applied for the nanocomposite Cu(CuO)–CeO2 catalyst preparation from CeO2 and following dopants: Cu metal and...     

Formation and Conversion of Surface Compounds upon Interaction of Ethanol with Cu/CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Catalyst According to in situ IR Spectroscopy

In the conditions of ethanol conversion on the surface of a 5%Cu/CeO₂ catalyst, the method of in situ IR spectroscopy reveals ethoxy groups, acetate and formiate complexes, and consolidation products. Acetaldehyde, acetone, croton aldehyde, butadiene, hydrogen, CO, and CO₂ are observed in the reaction products. As the temperature of the experiment increases, the concentration of acetaldehyde passes through a maximum at T = 250°C. This product is formed due to the interaction of ethoxy and hydroxyl surface groups. The concentration of acetone, croton aldehyde, and butadiene also passes through a maximum in the 350–400°C range. These products are associated with the decomposition of the consolidation products. The concentration of hydrogen, CO and CO₂ steadily increases with temperature and only these reaction products are left at T > 400°C. A mechanism of hydrogen formation based on the conversion of the highest temperature formiate surface complex is discussed.     

Methane Reforming with Carbon Dioxide on the Co/α-Al2O3 Catalyst: The Formation, State, and Transformations of Surface Carbon

The interactions of oxidized and reduced Co/-Al₂O₃ (4 wt % CoO) with H₂, CH₄, CO₂, and O₂ and their mixtures are studied in flow and pulse regimes using a setup involving a DSC-111 differential scanning calorimeter and a system for chromatographic analyses. It is shown that treatment with hydrogen at 700°C results in the partial reduction of cobalt oxide to Co. Methane poorly reacts with the oxidized catalyst but readily reacts with the reduced catalyst to form H₂ and surface carbon. The initial surface carbon transforms into other forms, which block the cobalt surface to different extents and differ in the heats of reaction with CO₂. Carbon dioxide may react with the surface carbon to form CO (rapidly) and with metallic Co to form CO and CoO (slowly). Thus, the main route of methane reforming with carbon dioxide on Co/-Al₂O₃ is the dissociative adsorption of CH₄ to form surface carbon and H₂ and the reaction of surface carbon with CO₂ to form CO via the reverse Boudouard reaction.     

The Order of Product Formation in the Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas

The partial oxidation of methane to syngas is studied in the presence of Pt- and Ni-containing catalysts. The process kinetics does not provide unequivocal information on the order of formation of products (including carbon oxides) when either methane–oxygen or methane–oxygen–CO₂ mixtures are used. Experiments with ¹³C-labeled carbon dioxide added show the difference in the behavior of the catalysts. In the presence of Pt/ZrO₂, there is no noticeable transfer of the isotopic label to the CO molecules. On the nickel catalyst, ¹³CO is formed in substantial amounts, which can probably be explained by the redox reaction of ¹³CO₂ with metallic nickel under oxygen-free conditions behind the zone of the main reaction of methane oxidation.     

Synchronization of local oscillators in oxidation reactions of C1–C4 hydrocarbons over metal catalysts

The synchronization of reaction rate oscillations in the oxidation of C₁–C₄ hydrocarbons over polycrystalline nickel, cobalt, and palladium foils has been investigated. The synchronization of foil temperature oscillations during the reaction takes place via the diffusion of the reactants in the gas phase. For the nickel catalysts, the synchronization of the oscillators occurs in the same phase, while for the palladium catalysts, both in-phase and antiphase oscillations are observed. This distinction between the dynamic behaviors of the systems of two coupled oscillators is due to the fact that the mechanism of reaction rate oscillations varies from one metal to another.     

Interaction between NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> and the surface of supported heteropoly compounds: In situ IR spectroscopic data

The mechanism of activation of nitrogen oxides on unsupported heteropoly compounds and the composition, location, stability, and interconversion mechanisms of adsorption complexes on supported heteropoly compounds have been investigated by in situ IR spectroscopy under thermal desorption conditions. Supporting a small amount of a heteropoly compounds (1% or below) increases NO _x adsorption relative to the adsorption observed for the pure support. This effect is most pronounced for CeO₂ and least pronounced for ZrO₂. The increase in NO _x adsorption is due to NO oxidation to NO₂ on the supported heteropoly compound. The main adsorption species are nitrite and nitrate complexes, which are located on the support. As the temperature is raised, the nitrite complexes turn into the nitrate complexes. The presence of variable-valence ions in the Keggin anion reduces the nitrate complex-surface binding strength. The ions that are not components of the Keggin anion increase the binding strength. The changes in the nitrate complex-support surface binding strength are due to the support modification taking place via the destruction of part of the supported heteropoly compound.     

The Mechanism of Methane Reforming with Carbon Dioxide: Comparison of Supported Pt and Ni (Co) Catalysts

The interaction of the catalyst 5.16 wt % Pt/-Al₂O₃ with ₄, ₂, ₂, and ₄ + ₂ pulses is studied using a setup involving the differential scanning calorimeter DSC–111 and a system for chromatographic analysis. Comparison of the results obtained with analogous data on Ni/Al₂O₃ and Co/Al₂O₃ suggests that methane activation occurs via a common pathway via dissociative chemisorption on the metal surface with the formation of ₂ and carbon on all the catalysts studied. Carbon dioxide activation on Pt/Al₂O₃ differs from its activation on Ni()/Al₂O₃. It follows from the enthalpy of formation that carbon on Pt/Al₂O₃ is graphite-like in contrast to carbide carbon on Ni(Co)/Al₂O₃. This graphite carbon is more stable and less reactive.     

Methane Reforming with Carbon Dioxide on Cobalt-Containing Catalysts

Cobalt- and iron-containing catalysts supported on MgO, ZrO₂, -, -, and -Al₂O₃ were synthesized and studied in the CO₂ reforming of methane. The CoO/-Al₂O₃ systems are the most active and stable. The dependence of the catalytic activity and the degree of reduction on the amount of supported CoO was studied. In the active catalysts, CoO is weakly bound to the support and can readily be reduced to metal cobalt. Coke formed in the course of the reaction does not affect the activity of the CoO/-Al₂O₃ catalyst.     

Nonlinear behaviour during methane and ethane oxidation over Ni,Co and Pd catalysts

The recent results on the oscillatory behaviour during methane and ethane oxidation over metal catalysts, including nickel, cobalt and palladium have been reviewed. The application of thermogravimetric analysis in combination with on-line mass-spectrometry and visual observations of the catalyst surface during oscillations provided the definite proof that the origin of the oscillatory behaviour in all these systems was connected with the periodical oxidation–reduction of a catalyst. The variety of spatial patterns was detected over the Ni and especially over the Co foil. Emphasis has been done on the differences and similarities of the oscillatory behaviour in various reactions over different catalysts.