The protection of uracil and guanine residues in oligonucleotide synthesis

The protection of uracil and 2-$\text{N}$-acyl guanine residues with 4-$\text{O}$-phenyl [or 4-$\text{O}$-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)] and 6-$\text{O}$-(2-nitrophenyl) groups as in $\text{7a}$ [or $\text{7b}$] and $\text{9}$, respectively, is described. These $\text{O}$-aryl protecting groups, which appear to withstand the usual conditions of oligonucleotide synthesis, may readily be removed by treatment with 2-nitrobenzaldoximate ions.     

Effect of the rhenium additive to VOx/TiO2 and MoOx/TiO2 catalysts on their properties in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

VO_x/TiO₂ and MoO_x/TiO₂ catalysts with the addition of Re (Re/V or Mo = 0.5) were synthetized and tested in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane and in reduction by propane. XPS measurements showed depletion of the surface in Re. The Re additive does not affect the total conversion of propane, but increases the selectivity to propene. The effect is more pronounced for the MoO_x/TiO₂ catalyst. The increase in the selectivity to propene is accompanied with the increase in the reducibility of the catalysts.     

The external-field approximation in quantum optics

A canonical transformation is presented in which the effect of a coherent, classical, externally applied field (represented by a Glauber coherent state) is transferred from the boundary conditions to the hamiltonian, resulting in the addition of an external, classical field to the hamiltonian, while still retaining in it the effect of internal radiation fields in a second-quantized form. This procedure justifies the use of the external-field approximation in cases where internal-radiation effects have to be retained to all orders in the correlation functions. Examples of such cases are (a) radiative damping of a collision-broadened molecular sample and (b) long-range correlations in near-critical conditions where retardation effects prevail in the intermolecular forces.     

Design and synthesis of novel fluoropeptidomimetics as potential mimics of the transition state during peptide hydrolysis

alpha-Fluoroamino acids were targeted in our ongoing efforts to design novel fluoropeptidomimetics (1) as potential protease inhibitors. alpha-Fluoroglycine derivative (2) and alpha-fluoro-beta-aminoethanethiol derivatives (3-9) were synthesized for the first time en route to obtain the peptidomimetic moiety 1. The stability of 2-9 was investigated under organic as well as aqueous conditions. The stability of 3-9 under acidic and basic conditions, the effect of substitution at C-2 position, and potential biological activities are discussed.     

Alkynylcyclohexadienyl tricarbonyliron complexes: A new directing effect for organoiron-mediated synthesis

The first example of an alkyne-substituted tricarbonyl(η⁵-cyclohexadienyl)iron(1+) complex has been prepared and the ω directing effect of the phenylethynyl substituent has been demonstrated in nucleophile addition reactions. Addition of NC⁻ also occurs at the a position to form an unusual η¹, η³-structure.     

Hydroxylation and epoxidation studies of some 3,4-dialkylcyclopentenes

The hydroxylation and the epoxidation of the cis and trans isomers of 3,4-dimethylcyclopentene and 4-t-butyl-3-methylcyclopentene have been studied. The stereoselectivity was studied as a function of the basic conformation of the individual cyclopentenes; the conformations were determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.     

The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization. XX. Spontaneous resolution in coordination compounds. XVIII.

The title compound, [cis-Co(en)₂(NO₂)₂](NO₂) (1), crystallizes in the polar, nonenantiomorphic, monoclinic space group, Cc, with lattice constants:a=9.198(2) Å,b=12.444(2),c=9.963(3), and=96.76(2)°;V=1132.39 ų andd(calc;Z=4) =1.860 g cm^–3. Thus, with NO_2– as the counteranion, [cis-Co(en)₂(NO₂)₂] crystallizes in a heterochiral lattice containing racemic pairs of cations. A total of 2699 data were collected over the range of 4°270°; of these, 1859 (independent and withI3(I)) were used in the structural analysis. Data were corrected for absorption (=15.465 cm^–1) and the relative transmission coefficients ranged from 0.9934 to 0.7112. Refinement was carried out for both lattice polarities and the finalR(F) andR _w (F) residuals were, respectively, 0.0242 and 0.0202 for (–––) and 0.0264 and 0.0243 for (+++). Thus, the former was selected as correct for our specimen.Unlike all previous X-ray diffraction studies of the structural properties of the cation [cis-Co(en)₂(NO₂)₂]⁺, which are found to have a pair of oppositely configured en rings [i.e., () or ()], we find that in1 the cations are in the lowest energy conformation and configuration; i.e., () or (). We attribute this change in configuration to the formation of strong interionic hydrogen bonds between nitrite anion oxygens and the axial—NH₂ hydrogens, which markedly weaken the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds between ligand—NO₂ oxygens and the hydrogens of those same amine moieties. Thus, the nitrite anions behave exactly as nitrate anions, except that the hydrogen bonds found here are stronger than those formed by the latter. This is as expected since the negative charge is delocalized over two, instead of three, oxygens.     

Assessing calves as carriers of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with zoonotic potential on dairy and beef farms within a water catchment area by mutation scanning

In the present study, we undertook a molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in calves on three dairy and two beef farms within an open drinking water catchment area (Melbourne, Australia). Faecal samples (n = 474) were collected from calves at two time points (5 months apart) and tested using a PCR‐based mutation scanning‐targeted sequencing phylogenetic approach, employing regions within the genes of small subunit (SSU) of ribosomal RNA (designated partial SSU), 60 kDa glycoprotein (pgp60) and triose phosphate isomerase (ptpi) as genetic markers. Using partial SSU, the C. bovis, C. parvum, C. ryanae and a new genotype of Cryptosporidium were characterised from totals of 74 (15.6%), 35 (7.3%), 37 (7.8%) and 9 (1.9%) samples, respectively. Using pgp60, C. parvum genotype IIa subgenotype A18G3R1 was detected in 29 samples. Using ptpi, G. duodenalis assemblages A and E were detected in totals of 10 (2.1%) and 130 (27.4%) samples, respectively. The present study showed that a considerable proportion of dairy and beef calves in this open water catchment region excreted Cryptosporidium (i.e. subgenotype IIaA18G3R1) and Giardia (e.g. assemblage A) that are consistent with those infecting humans, inferring that they are of zoonotic importance. Future work should focus on exploring, in a temporal and spatial way, whether these parasites occur in the environment and water of the catchment reservoir.     

Importance of halide involving interactions at Hoogsteen sites in supramolecular architectures of some coordination metal complexes of N<Superscript>6</Superscript>-benzyl/furfuryl adenine

Background

Most of the benzyladenine and furfuryladenine derivatives inhibit tumor/cancer cell growth; their toxicity is lesser than the compounds used for the treatment of cancer now-a-days. Many cytokinin derivatives are tested for anticancer activity.

Results

A series of transition metal complexes containing N⁶-benzyl/furfuryl aminopurines of formula [Mn(FAH)₂(H₂O)(Cl₃)]₂.Cl₂(1), [Co(FAH)2(H₂O)(Cl₃)]₂.Cl₂(2), [Co(FAH)₂(Cl₄)]_{2 .}[Co(FAH)₂(H₃O)(Cl₃)].Cl₂(3), [Ni(FAH)₂(H₂O)(Cl₃)]₂.Cl_2. (H2O) (4), [Zn(BAH)Br₃] (5) and [Cd₂(BAH)₂(μ-Br)₄Br₂]_n(6) (where BAH and FAH benzyladeninium and furfuryladeninium cations respectively) have been synthesized and characterized. Crystal structures of (1-4) have similar distorted octahedral coordination geometry, while (5) and (6) have distorted tetrahedral geometry and octahedral geometries respectively. In (1-4) two halide ions and two cytokinin cations (BAH⁺/FAH⁺) are laterally coordinated to the metal ion. A water molecule and a halide ion are axially coordinated. But the coordination sphere of (5) consists of N7 coordinated benzyladeninium ion and three halide ions. The complex (6) is a coordination polymer bridged by bromide anions. A common notable feature in (1-4) is the presence of one or more lattice chloride anions. They help in a chain formation by N-H…Cl halide involving hydrogen bonding interactions in between the Hoogsteen site hydrogen.

Conclusions

The observed crystal structures emphasize the role of the halide ions in developing the supramolecular architectures by halide involving hydrogen bonding interactions. Also most of the reported cobalt cytokinin complexes possess tetrahedral coordination geometry, but some cobalt complexes have distorted octahedral coordination geometry, which are discussed and compared.

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Graphical Abstract Supramolecular architectures of some coordination metal complexes of N6-benzyl/furfuryl adenine.