Insights into the Intraspecific Variability of the above and Belowground Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in Tomato

The in-vivo monitoring of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions is a potential non-invasive tool in plant protection, especially in greenhouse cultivation. We studied VOC production from above and belowground organs of the eight parents of the Multi-Parent Advanced Generation Intercross population (MAGIC) tomato population, which exhibits a high genetic variability, in order to obtain more insight into the variability of constitutive VOC emissions from tomato plants under stress-free conditions. Foliage emissions were composed of terpenes, the majority of which were also stored in the leaves. Foliage emissions were very low, partly light-dependent, and differed significantly among genotypes, both in quantity and quality. Soil with roots emitted VOCs at similar, though more variable, rates than foliage. Soil emissions were characterized by terpenes, oxygenated alkanes, and alkenes and phenolic compounds, only a few of which were found in root extracts at low concentrations. Correlation analyses revealed that several VOCs emitted from foliage or soil are jointly regulated and that above and belowground sources are partially interconnected. With respect to VOC monitoring in tomato crops, our results underline that genetic variability, light-dependent de-novo synthesis, and belowground sources are factors to be considered for successful use in crop monitoring.     

Analysis of the linear stability of stationary solutions in a circular laser containing a saturable absorber “LSA” for inhomogeneous broadening

In this present paper, the optical bistability in a circular laser containing a saturable absorber LSA for inhomogeneous broadening is studied. A simple mathematical model was developed to describe the action of this type of laser in a circular resonator under two conditions, when the spontaneous emission is neglected or included in the cavity. For both of these two cases, the coefficient of saturation was considered to be equal or different to unity (ζ=1 or ζ≠1). The photons intensities Q_j were determined as function of the pumping rate σ₀ of the active medium and analyzed the linear stability of the stationary solutions obtained in a circular laser containing a saturable absorber “LSA” for inhomogeneous broadening.