TEM investigations on PECVD-titanium carbide layers

TiC_x-PECVD-layers were characterized by TEM. EDX analysis and electron diffraction. TiC_x-layers deposited using benzene showed a columnar structure, at which the column size decreases with rising excess carbon content. TiC_x-layers deposited using n-heptane presented a lamellar structure, at which the lamellar thickness diminishes with an increasing excess carbon content. In dependence on the layer thickness a periodic progress of the element contents was observed, at which a maximum for Ti and Cl correlates with a minimum for C. It was found that the incorporated chlorine is bonded to titanium. The lattice parameter depends on the chlorine content. Using TiCl₄/H₂/Ar-gas mixtures without any hydrocarbon, layers containing TiH₂ are formed.     

Ozonation of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in silica and soil –14C-mass balances and chemical analysis of oxidation products as a first step to ecotoxicological evaluation

Ozonation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil is a process that can be used for in-situ soil remediation or in combination with bioremediation techniques. First steps to a comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluation of this method is done by ozonation of radioactively labeled (¹⁴C) pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in a silty soil (LUFA 2.2) under mass-balancing conditions and GC-MS analysis of aromatic ozonation products. ¹⁴C-Mass-balances for pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p) in soil showed that, apart from ¹⁴CO₂ formation, considerable percentages of both PAHs are oxidized to water soluble substances (20–30%) or to non-extractable or bound residues (10% for pyrene, 30% for b[a]p). TLC and GC-MS analysis of ozonation products extractable from artificially contaminated silica and soil by organic solvents revealed a large number of aromatic substances. PAH-quinones and ten ring fission products with formyl- and carboxy-groups of both pyrene and b[a]p could be identified.     

Electron binding energies of aqueous alkali and halide ions: EUV photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid solutions and combined ab initio and molecular dynamics calculations

Photoelectron spectroscopy combined with the liquid microjet technique enables the direct probing of the electronic structure of aqueous solutions. We report measured and calculated lowest vertical electron binding energies of aqueous alkali cations and halide anions. In some cases, ejection from deeper electronic levels of the solute could be observed. Electron binding energies of a given aqueous ion are found to be independent of the counterion and the salt concentration. The experimental results are complemented by ab initio calculations, at the MP2 and CCSD(T) level, of the ionization energies of these prototype ions in the aqueous phase. The solvent effect was accounted for in the electronic structure calculations in two ways. An explicit inclusion of discrete water molecules using a set of snapshots from an equilibrium classical molecular dynamics simulations and a fractional charge representation of solvent molecules give good results for halide ions. The electron binding energies of alkali cations computed with this approach tend to be overestimated. On the other hand, the polarizable continuum model, which strictly provides adiabatic binding energies, performs well for the alkali cations but fails for the halides. Photon energies in the experiment were in the EUV region (typically 100 eV) for which the technique is probing the top layers of the liquid sample. Hence, the reported energies of aqueous ions are closely connected with both structures and chemical reactivity at the liquid interface, for example, in atmospheric aerosol particles, as well as fundamental bulk solvation properties.     

Polychlorierte Verbindungen und ihre Verwendung zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Elementen im ng-Bereich

Zusammenfassung Aus polychlorierten Kaliumxanthogenaten wurden verschiedene Metall-Chelate dargestellt, dünnschicht-chromatographisch getrennt und ihre R_f-Werte unter verschiedenen Trennbedingungen bestimmt.Anschließend wurden die einzelnen Komplexe gas-chromatographisch mit Elektroneneinfang-Detektoren untersucht. Über den durch augenblickliche thermische Zersetzung des Chelats in reproduzierbarer Menge anfallenden polychlorierten Alkohol konnten Metalle im ng-Bereich quantitativ indirekt bestimmt werden.

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Polychlorinated compounds and their use for the gas-chromatographic determination of elements in the ng-rangeI. Polychlorinated xanthates and their use for the determination of nickel

Ten chelates of polychlorinated xanthates were investigated by thin-layer chromatography. Their R_f-values were determined on silica gel and aluminium oxide for several different eluents. At 200° C the xanthates pyrolize momentarily and reproducibly to the corresponding alcohol, allowing the perchlorinated ligands to be utilized for the determination of metals by electron capture gas-chromatography.Combining thin-layer chromatography and the pyrolyzing technique nanogram amounts of mixtures of metals can be determined.

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Die Arbeit wurde in dankenswerter Weise von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad Godesberg, der Fazitstiftung, Gemeinnützige Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H, Frankfurt a. M., und dem Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V., Düsseldorf, unterstützt.     

Assemblies from metallic and semiconducting nanocrystals

Optical properties of nanomaterials such as semiconductor and metal quantum dots are important for sensors and photovoltaic applications. We report on optical, microscopic, and AFM investigations on bulk and single nanoobjects such as metal and semiconducting nanoparticles. Firstly, of special interest is the investigation of Ag metal nanoaggregates formed in zeolites. Here, the defined structure of the zeolite serves both as size directing and a stabilizing agent. The size selected Ag aggregates fluoresce in the zeolite cages even after storage under ambient conditions for almost one year. In addition, single Ag particles escape the cages and can be investigated by fluorescence microscopy also with respect to sensor applications. Secondly, with respect to photovoltaic applications, energy transfer among organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots is of great importance. We report on the extension of the optical absorption of ZnSe quantum dots into the UV regime and investigate excitation energy transfer within self-assembled nanoaggregates of surface functionalized QDs and fluorescent styrylpyridine dyes.     

Synchrotron Stories from Stanford—From a Parking Lot to First Beam

Our journey in synchrotron radiation started in July 1972 when we joined a group at Stanford led by Seb Doniach and Bill Spicer to build a “Pilot Project” to test the feasibility of performing X-ray photoemission experiments on the newly commissioned SPEAR storage ring at SLAC. The SPEAR ring was expressly built for high-energy physics using colliding electron and positron beams (ultimately discovering the existence of quarks and garnering two Nobel prizes). As a result, anything we did could not interfere with the high-energy physics experiments.     

Schlüsselreaktionen einer synthese des sibirosamins

[2,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangement and vic. $\text{cis}$-oxyamination of 3-$\text{C}$-methyl-ald-m-enopyranosides are the key steps for the synthesis of a sibirosamine precursor.     

Bleidner vapour phase extraction technique for the determination of organochlorine compounds in lake sediments

Summary The vapour phase extraction technique according to Bleidner has been applied to the trace analysis of organochlorine pesticides and PCB in water sediments. This method eliminates time consuming drying, extracting, and clean-up steps in comparison with the conventional (Soxhlet) methods. The method developed is sufficiently sensitive and shows satisfying recovery results — with the exception of -HCH. Low yields of the DDT family are not caused by artifacts but are rather due to irreversible adsorption to sediment and fast metabolizing power of this substrate.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. E. Lahmann, Institut für Wasser-, Boden-, und Lufthygiene, D-1000 Berlin 33, on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Inhibitors of the K+(Na+)/H+ exchanger of human red blood cells

The effect of substances as possible inhibitors of the K+(Na+)/H+ exchanger in the human red cell membrane has been tested on the (ouabain+bumetanide+EGTA)-resistant K+ influx in both physiological (HIS) and low ionic strength (LIS) solution with tracer kinetic methods. It is demonstrated that high concentrations of quinacrine (1 mM) and chloroquine (2 mM) inhibit the residual K+ influx in LIS solution to 60% and 85%, respectively, but activate it in HIS solution. Thus, chloroquine suppressed the 10-fold LIS-induced activation of the flux nearly completely. Amiloride derivatives were able to inhibit the K+ influx in both HIS and LIS solution. EIPA (75 microM) reduced the flux by about 20% and 55% in HIS and LIS solution, respectively. Newly developed drugs (HOE 642, 1 mM; HOE 694, 0.5 mM) designed to inhibit Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms showed an inhibition of the residual K+ influx of 40% and 33% in HIS and 65% and 44% in LIS solution, respectively, without haemolysis. The inhibitory effect of HOE 642 persisted in HIS (24%) and LIS (48%) solutions when Cl- was replaced by CH3SO4-. The K(+)-Cl- cotransport inhibitor DIOA (100 microM) stimulated the residual K+ influx in both solutions. It is, therefore, concluded that the K(+)-Cl- cotransporter does not contribute to the residual K+ influx both in HIS and LIS media. Okadaic acid decreased the residual K+ influx by 40% and 25% in HIS and LIS solution, respectively, showing that the residual K+ influx is affected by phosphatases like other ion transport pathways. The results show that the residual K+ influx can be decreased further by inhibiting the K+(Na+)/H+ exchanger. It remains still unclear to what extent the K+(Na+)/H+ exchanger is inhibited by the different substances used. However, the ground state membrane permeability for K+ is much smaller than assumed so far.