Comparison of NMR Water Proton T1 Measurements in Healthy and Pathological Blood

water proton T1 in blood from healthy volunteers and patients with acute leukaemia, lymphoma; iron deficiency anaemia, post hepatitic cirrhosis and tuberculosis, was measured by a FT-NMR spectrometer. Relaxation measurements were performed at 60MHz frequency and a temperature of (20 ± 0.5)C. The T1 measured for each disease correlates strongly with hemoglobin content. The spin-lattice relaxation time in each abnormal group was signaficantly (p < 0.001) elevated over normal group. There is little overlap between the healthy and abnormal groups. On the contrast, T1 ranges obtained for malignant groups and non-malignant diseases do overlap.     

Interaction potential between two 16O nuclei derived from the Skyrme interaction

The energy functional for the Skyrme density-dependent force is used to calculate the interaction potential between two ¹⁶O nuclei. A two-centre harmonic oscillator potential is employed to construct the density and kinetic energy density of the ground state of the combined system and of the separated nuclei. The antisymmetrization effects are investigated. The relative motion of the nuclei is taken approximately into account and the energy dependence of the potential derived from the Skyrme force is presented.     

Comparison of the internal energy deposition of venturi-assisted electrospray ionization and a venturi-assisted array of micromachined ultrasonic electrosprays (AMUSE)

The internal energy deposition of a Venturi-assisted array of micromachined ultrasonic electrosprays (AMUSE), with and without the application of a DC charging potential, is compared with equivalent experiments for Venturi-assisted electrospray ionization (ESI) using the "survival yield" method on a series of para-substituted benzylpyridinium salts. Under conditions previously shown to provide maximum ion yields for standard compounds, the observed mean internal energies were nearly identical (1.93-2.01 eV). Operation of AMUSE without nitrogen flow to sustain the air amplifier focusing effect generated energetically colder ions with mean internal energies that were up to 39% lower than those for ESI. A balance between improved ion transfer, adequate desolvation, and favorable ion energetics was achieved by selection of optimum operational ranges for the parameters that most strongly influence the ion population: the air amplifier gas flow rate and API capillary temperature. Examination of the energy landscapes obtained for combinations of these parameters showed that a low internal energy region (相似文献   

Regime transition in electromechanical fluid atomization and implications to analyte ionization for mass spectrometric analysis

The physical processes governing the transition from purely mechanical ejection to electromechanical ejection to electrospraying are investigated through complementary scaling analysis and optical visualization. Experimental characterization and visualization are performed with the ultrasonically-driven array of micromachined ultrasonic electrospray (AMUSE) ion source to decouple the electrical and mechanical fields. A new dimensionless parameter, the Fenn number, is introduced to define a transition between the spray regimes, in terms of its dependence on the characteristic Strouhal number for the ejection process. A fundamental relationship between the Fenn and Strouhal numbers is theoretically derived and confirmed experimentally in spraying liquid electrolytes of different ionic strength subjected to a varying magnitude electric field. This relationship and the basic understanding of the charged droplet generation physics have direct implications on the optimal ionization efficiency and mass spectrometric response for different types of analytes.     

Characterization of charge separation in the array of Micromachined UltraSonic Electrospray (AMUSE) ion source for mass spectrometry

An initial investigation into the effects of charge separation in the Array of Micromachined UltraSonic Electrospray (AMUSE) ion source is reported to gain understanding of ionization mechanisms and to improve analyte ionization efficiency and operation stability. In RF-only mode, AMUSE ejects, on average, an equal number of slightly positive and slightly negative charged droplets due to random charge fluctuations, providing inefficient analyte ionization. Charge separation at the nozzle orifice is achieved by the application of an external electric field. By bringing the counter electrode close to the nozzle array, strong electric fields can be applied at relatively low DC potentials. It has been demonstrated, through a number of electrode/electrical potential configurations, that increasing charge separation leads to improvement in signal abundance, signal-to-noise ratio, and signal stability.     

Electrohydrodynamics of charge separation in droplet-based ion sources with time-varying electrical and mechanical actuation

Charge transport and separation in mechanically-driven, droplet-based ion sources are investigated using computational analysis and supporting experiments. A first-principles model of electrohydrodynamics (EHD) and charge migration is formulated and implemented using FLUENT CFD software for jet/droplet formation. For validation, classical experiments of electrospraying from a thin capillary are simulated, specifically, the transient EHD cone-jet formation of a fluid with finite electrical conductivity, and the Taylor cone formation in a perfectly electrically-conducting fluid. The model is also used to investigate the microscopic physics of droplet charging in mechanically-driven droplet-based ion sources, such as array of micromachined ultrasonic electrospray (AMUSE). Here, AMUSE is subject to DC and AC electric fields of varying amplitude and phase, with respect to a time-varying mechanical force driving the droplet formation. For the DC-charging case, a linear relationship is demonstrated between the charge carried by each droplet and an applied electric field magnitude, in agreement with previously reported experiments. For the AC-charging case, a judiciously-chosen phase-shift in the time-varying mechanical (driving ejection) and electrical (driving charge transport) signals allows for a significantly increased amount of charge, of desired polarity, to be pumped into a droplet upon ejection. Complementary experimental measurements of electrospray electrical current and charge-per-droplet, produced by the AMUSE ion source, are performed and support theoretical predictions for both DC- and AC-charging cases. The theoretical model and simulation tools provide a versatile and general analytical framework for fundamental investigations of coupled electrohydrodynamics and charge transport. The model also allows for the exploration of different configurations and operating modes to optimize charge separation in atmospheric pressure electrohydrodynamic ion sources under static and dynamic electrical and mechanical fields.     

Classical trajectory calculations with time-dependent forces in heavy-ion collisions

The applicability of a phenomenological time-dependent nucleus-nucleus potential to deep inelastic collisions is studied. We present its general shape and make a particular choice of the diabatic and adiabatic parts. From trajectory calculations we find that the angle-energy correlation is well described when a time-dependent friction force is used. We also compare our results to some TDHF calculations.     

PRODUCTION OF PIGMENT NANOPARTICLES USING A WET STIRRED MILL WITH POLYMERIC MEDIA

Pigment nanoparticles with a size range of 10-100 nm were produced from large agglonmerates via a stirred media mill operating in the wet-batch mode and using polymeric media,The effects of several operating variables such as the surfactant concentration,polystyrene media loading.and media size on the pigment size distribution of the product were studied.The process dynamics was also investigated.Dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy were used as the characerization techniques.The polymeric grinding media are found to be effective for the production of pigment nanoparticles.The experimental results suggest the existence of an optimum media size and surfactant concentration,A population balance model of the process reveals a transition from first-order breakage kinetice for rela-large agglomerates split in a first-order kinetics,with a delay period,for the smaller particles.The model implies that large agglomerates split in a first-order fashion whereas the breakage of individual naoparticles may depend on induced fatigue of the particles.     

Micromachined optical microphone structures with low thermal-mechanical noise levels

Micromachined microphones with diffraction-based optical displacement detection have been introduced previously [Hall et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 3000-3009 (2005)]. The approach has the advantage of providing high displacement detection resolution of the microphone diaphragm independent of device size and capacitance-creating an unconstrained design space for the mechanical structure itself. Micromachined microphone structures with 1.5-mm-diam polysilicon diaphragms and monolithically integrated diffraction grating electrodes are presented in this work with backplate architectures that deviate substantially from traditional perforated plate designs. These structures have been designed for broadband frequency response and low thermal mechanical noise levels. Rigorous experimental characterization indicates a diaphragm displacement detection resolution of 20 fm radicalHz and a thermal mechanical induced diaphragm displacement noise density of 60 fm radicalHz, corresponding to an A-weighted sound pressure level detection limit of 24 dB(A) for these structures. Measured thermal mechanical displacement noise spectra are in excellent agreement with simulations based on system parameters derived from dynamic frequency response characterization measurements, which show a diaphragm resonance limited bandwidth of approximately 20 kHz. These designs are substantial improvements over initial prototypes presented previously. The high performance-to-size ratio achievable with this technology is expected to have an impact on a variety of instrumentation and hearing applications.     

超声速化学反应流动中燃料预喷研究述评

研制基于超声速燃烧的高效吸气式推进装置(运行Mach数在3.5以上)需要寻求改善混合效率的有效机制, 这对于采用常规碳氢燃料(特别是可以增加密度的液体燃料)的装置尤为重要. 延长混合时间的一种途径是在飞行器燃料室的上游喷入部分燃料. 壁面喷射一直是超声速气动力学最具挑战性的课题, 这里包括使比冲损失最小、改善燃料-空气的混合、减少入口段/燃烧室的相互作用以及增进火焰稳定性等. 综述了超声速入口段或燃烧室的隔离器中液体燃料(个别情况下为气体燃料)喷射的研究进展. 在这些研究中, 燃料都是从后掠型细支架尾迹中的壁面处喷射出来的, 动压比很低($q_{\rm {jet}}/q_{\rm {air}}$=0.6$\sim$1.5). 它们涉及入口段和燃烧室的隔离器中单个支架/喷射器的几何结构及其组合方式、各种各样的喷射条件、不同的引射剂, 并且评估了这些因素对于燃料羽流喷散、比冲损失以及混合效率的影响. 述评引用了46篇参考文献.