PHOTOVOLTAIC ACTION SPECTRA AND EFFICIENCIES OF CHLOROPHYLL a SPECIES ABSORBING NEAR 700 nm

Abstract— Alcohol vapors affect the photovoltaic properties of anhydrous chlorophyll a (Chi a). At 23°C, a photovoltaic cell of the type Allanhydrous Chi a|Ag has been successively submitted to non saturating vapors of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, cyclopropyl carbinol, cyclopentanol, methyl cyclopropyl carbinol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and chloroethanol. The action spectrum of anhydrous Chi a has a maximum in the red at 672 nm. This maximum is shifted towards 700 nm under the influence of alcohol vapors. The most important changes occur for ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol. In the same way, the conversion efficiencies of light energy into electrical energy, measured at the maximum in the red are, for the same alcohols, higher than the initial value 1.7 times 10^-2% obtained on the average for anhydrous Chi a. A maximum value of 6.3 times 10^-2% has been obtained after rehydration of Chi a solvated with 2-propanol. The influence of alcohol vapors has been interpreted in terms of microcapillarity of anhydrous Chi a and a mean microcavity radius of 11 ± 6 Å has been deduced from the photocurrent variation with the amount of alcohol vapor present in the measuring area. Furthermore, the action spectrum shift towards 700 nm has been interpreted by the formation, at 23°C, of Chi a special aggregates whose action spectrum has been obtained by difference. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that anhydrous Chi a obtained from electrodeposition is an assembly of Chi a dimers and that alcohol vapors, producing the special aggregates formation at 23°C, induce a decrease of the free C=O ketone band and an increase of the associated C=O ketone. The C=O esters band is not affected by the Chi a reorganization.     

Principles of Management and Organizational Behaviour

Journal of the Operational Research Society -     

A Boolean algebra and a Banach space obtained by push-out iteration

Under the assumption that c is a regular cardinal, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a Boolean algebra B of size c defined by sharing the main structural properties that P(ω)/fin has under CH and in the ℵ₂-Cohen model. We prove a similar result in the category of Banach spaces.     

On universal Banach spaces of density continuum

We consider the question whether there exists a Banach space X of density continuum such that every Banach space of density at most continuum isomorphically embeds into X (called a universal Banach space of density c). It is well known that ℓ_∞/c ₀ is such a space if we assume the continuum hypothesis. Some additional set-theoretic assumption is indeed needed, as we prove in the main result of this paper that it is consistent with the usual axioms of set-theory that there is no universal Banach space of density c. Thus, the problem of the existence of a universal Banach space of density c is undecidable using the usual axioms of set-theory.     

On the density of Banach spaces with the Grothendieck property

Using the method of forcing we prove that consistently there is a Banach space of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space with the Grothendieck property and with density less than the continuum. It follows that the classical result stating that ``no nontrivial complemented subspace of a Grothendieck space is separable' cannot be strengthened by replacing ``is separable' by ``has density less than that of ', without using an additional set-theoretic assumption. Such a strengthening was proved by Haydon, Levy and Odell, assuming Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis. Moreover, our example shows that certain separation properties of Boolean algebras are quite far from the Grothendieck property.