超声波微电机的原理和应用

论述了超声波微电机的工作原理，给出了其振动模式和组合，分析了行波式超声波微电机定子表面的椭圆运动轨迹，给出了一些性能测试曲线，论述了超声波微电机的一些特点，并介绍了它的一些实际应用。     

Method of determining cosmological parameter ranges with samples of candles with an intrinsic distribution

In this paper, the effect of the intrinsic distribution of cosmological candles is investigated. We find that in the case of a narrow distribution the deviation of the observed modulus of sources from the expected central value can be estimated within a ceratin range. We thus introduce lower and upper limits of X², X _min² and X_max² to estimate cosmological parameters by applying the conventional minimizing X² method. We apply this method to a gamma-ray burst (GRB) sample as well as to a combined sample including this GRB sample and an SN Ia sample. Our analysis shows that: a) in the case of assuming an intrinsic distribution of candles of the GRB sample, the effect of the distribution is obvious and should not be neglected; b) taking into account this effect would lead to a poorer constraint of the cosmological parameter ranges. The analysis suggests that in the attempt of constraining the cosmological model with current GRB samples, the results tend to be worse than was previously anticipated if the mentioned intrinsic distribution does exist.