Effect of Pr-Ca substitution on the transport and magnetic behavior of LaMnO3 perovskite

The effect of simultaneous substitution of a fluctuating cation and a divalent cation in LaMnO₃ perovskite modifies the properties of the material to exhibit large valence colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect. A good example of these properties is (La_1−2x Pr _x Ca _x )MnO₃ (LPCMO) type CMR material. In this communication it is reported that, with the increase in x (for x=0.1, 0.15, 0.2), the T _c varies between 100 and 120 K with improvisation in metal-insulator transition. Interestingly, resistance increases with x from few hundred ohms to few kilo ohms with corresponding decrease in the unit cell volume. The results of the studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity, magnetoresistance and ac susceptibility measurements on LPCMO samples for understanding the structural, transport and magnetic properties are discussed in detail.     

Comparison of click responses of primary auditory fibers with minimum-phase predictions

Minimum-phase impulse responses were constructed from the frequency threshold-response curves of primary auditory fibers in the anesthetized cat. These impulse responses had many of the same characteristics as the experimental click responses. The two types of responses had similar inter-peak intervals as well as similar (+/- 1.5 ms) latencies to the principal mode and similar (+/- 1.0 ms) intervals from response onset to the principal mode.     

Synchronized discharge rate representation of voice-onset time in the chinchilla auditory nerve

Responses of chinchilla auditory nerve fibers to synthesized stop consonant syllables differing in voice-onset time (VOT) were obtained. The syllables, heard as /ga/-/ka/ or /da/-/ta/, were similar to those previously used by others in psychophysical experiments with human and chinchilla subjects. Synchronized discharge rates of neurons tuned to frequencies near the first formant increased at the onset of voicing for VOTs longer than 20 ms. Stimulus components near the formant or the neuron's characteristic frequency accounted for the increase. In these neurons, synchronized response changes were closely related to the same neuron's average discharge rates [D. G. Sinex and L. P. McDonald, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1817-1827 (1988)]. Neurons tuned to frequency regions near the second and third formants usually responded to components near the second formant prior to the onset of voicing. These neurons' synchronized discharges could be captured by the first formant at the onset of voicing or with a latency of 50-60 ms, whichever was later. Since these neurons' average rate responses were unaffected by the onset of voicing, the latency of the synchronized response did provide as much additional neural cue to VOT. Overall, however, discharge synchrony did not provide as much information about VOT as was provided by the best average rate responses. The results are compared to other measurements of the peripheral encoding of speech sounds and to aspects of VOT perception.     

关于K个复相关矩阵相等的检验

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Neural correlates of psychophysical release from masking

Responses of chinchilla auditory-nerve fibers were measured for stimulus conditions analogous to those in which psychophysical release from masking has been observed in humans. The maskers were two equal power, narrow-band noise stimuli with different amplitude envelopes. The neurons in the sample fell into three groups that resolved the maskers' envelopes with varying degrees of accuracy. The boundaries of these groups were not sharply delineated by characteristic frequency (CF) but were dependent on the relationship between the masker level and the neurons' thresholds at the masker frequency. For the neurons that best preserved the maskers' envelope fluctuations, a neural release from masking was observed; rate-based neural masked thresholds were higher for the masker with the least fluctuating envelope. The results suggest that neural and psychophysical release from masking arises because the probe evokes larger rate changes, relative to the background response to the masker, during periods of low masker energy. Between two otherwise equivalent maskers, the one with the periods of lowest energy will produce the lower masked thresholds because rate changes are larger and more detectable.     

Neural responses to the onset of voicing are unrelated to other measures of temporal resolution

Voice onset time (VOT) is a temporal cue that can distinguish consonants such as /d/ from /t/. It has previously been shown that neurons' responses to the onset of voicing are strongly dependent on their static spectral sensitivity. This study examined the relation between temporal resolution, determined from responses to sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones, and responses to syllables with different VOTs. Responses to syllables and SAM tones were obtained from low-frequency neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the chinchilla. VOT and modulation period varied from 10 to 70 ms in 10-ms steps, and discharge rates elicited by stimuli whose amplitude envelopes were modulated over the same temporal interval were compared. Neurons that respond preferentially to syllables with particular VOTs might be expected to respond best to the SAM tones with comparable modulation periods. However, no consistent agreement between responses to VOT syllables and to SAM tones was obtained. These results confirm the previous suggestion that IC neurons' selectivity for VOT is determined by spectral rather than temporal sensitivity.     

Structural studies and T c dependence in La2−x Dy x Ca y Ba2Cu4+y O z type mixed oxide superconductors

A new series of mixed oxide superconductors with the stoichiometric composition La_2−x Dy _x Ca _y Ba₂Cu_4+y O _z (x=0.0 − 0.5, y=2x) has been studied for structural and superconductiong properties. Our earlier studies on La_2−x (Y/Er) _x Ca _y Ba₂Cu_4+y O _z series, show a strong dependence of T _c on hole concentration (p _sh). In the present work, the results of the analysis of the neutron diffraction measurements at room temprerature on x=0.3 and 0.5 samples are reported. It is interesting to know that Ca substitutes for both La and Ba site with concomitant displacement of La onto Ba site. Superconductivity studies show that maximum T _c is obtained for x=0.5, y=1.0 sample (T _c ∼ 75 K), for La_1.5Dy_0.5Ca₁Ba₂Cu₅O _z (La-2125).     

Neural correlates of nonmonotonic temporal acuity for voice onset time.

Human and chinchilla listeners exhibit nonmonotonic temporal acuity for speech sounds differing in voice onset time (VOT). Characteristics of the neural discharge pattern or of the stimuli themselves that might account for the pattern of temporal acuity have not been described. Responses of chinchilla auditory-nerve fibers to syllables from an alveolar VOT continuum were measured. Peak discharge rates and peak response latencies elicited by the syllables with the shortest and longest VOTs were highly variable across groups of neurons with similar characteristic frequencies. For VOTs from the middle of the continuum, peak responses were larger, and response latencies were nearly constant across the same group of neurons. Overall, the magnitude and temporal variability of the responses of populations of primary auditory neurons varied nonmonotonically with VOT, consistent with the pattern of psychophysical temporal acuity for these syllables exhibited by humans and chinchillas. Spectral analyses suggested by the pattern of neural responses indicated that synchronous or correlated spectral cues were available over a wider bandwidth for those syllables from the middle of the continuum for which the neural representation was least variable.