Noise analysis of grating-based x-ray differential phase-contrast imaging with angular signal radiography

X-ray phase-contrast imaging is one of the novel techniques,and has potential to enhance image quality and provide the details of inner structures nondestructively.In this work,we investigate quantitatively signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging(GBPCI) system by employing angular signal radiography(ASR).Moreover,photon statistics and mechanical error that is a major source of noise are investigated in detail.Results show the dependence of SNR on the system parameters and the effects on the extracted absorption,refraction and scattering images.Our conclusions can be used to optimize the system design for upcoming practical applications in the areas such as material science and biomedical imaging.     

Single-shot grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging with a modified analyzer grating

X-ray grating interferometer has attracted widely attention in the past years due to its capability in achieving x-ray phase contrast imaging with low brilliance source. However, the widely used phase stepping information extraction method reduces system stability and prolongs data acquisition time by several times compared with conventional x-ray absorptionbased imaging. The mechanical stepping can be avoided by using a staggered grating, but at the cost of low vertical spatial resolution. In this paper, employing a modified staggered grating and the angular signal radiography, we proposed a single-shot grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging with decent vertical spatial resolution. The theoretical framework was deduced and proved by numerical experiments. Absorption, phase, and scattering computed tomography can be performed without phase stepping. Therefore, we believe this fast and highly stable imaging method with decent resolution would be widely applied in x-ray grating-based phase contrast imaging.     

Elemental x-ray imaging using Zernike phase contrast

We develop an element-specific x-ray microscopy method by using Zernike phase contrast imaging near absorption edges, where a real part of refractive index changes abruptly. In this method two phase contrast images are subtracted to obtain the target element: one is at the absorption edge of the target element and the other is near the absorption edge. The x-ray exposure required by this method is expected to be significantly lower than that of conventional absorption-based x-ray elemental imaging methods. Numerical calculations confirm the advantages of this highly efficient imaging method.     

二维光栅角度信号响应函数研究

本文在平行相干光照明条件下,推导出了二维光栅剪切成像系统的角度信号响应函数,并描绘出了角度响应函数二维曲面.虽然光栅剪切成像系统常用的分束光栅有四种,分析光栅有三种,分析光栅和分束光栅之间还存在多种不同组合,但是产生的角度信号响应函数曲面却只有三种,即峰型位移曲面、谷型位移曲面和峰谷对称型位移曲面.其中峰型位移曲面和谷型位移曲面之间具有数值互补关系,由此还可以把峰型位移曲面和谷型位移曲面归纳为一种,最终只需要考虑两种位移曲面.这个理论结果无疑显著简化了人们对二维光栅剪切成像的认识,将对今后讨论定量提取二维角度信号的工作奠定基础.     

热解和生物降解对木本泥炭生烃与结构演化的红外光谱响应

傅里叶变换红外光谱分析物质分子结构具有独特的优势。为认识成煤有机质在微生物降解和热解阶段的生烃演化特征及物质结构变化特征,采用密封体系生烃热解和厌氧微生物降解岩样生烃物理模拟实验及傅里叶变换红外光谱分析等技术手段,研究了成煤母质(木本泥炭)的生烃演化特征(包括热解作用生成热成因气和微生物降解作用生成生物成因气的生烃潜力)及发生微生物降解和热解作用前后样品的分子结构变化特征及其机理。结果表明随模拟温度的升高,热解气烃类气体(主要为CH₄)累计产率逐渐增加,非烃类气体(如CO₂)分别在250和375 ℃出现两个产气高峰;随煤岩镜质组反射率的升高,微生物对其降解能力逐渐减弱;镜质组反射率介于1.6%～1.8%的泥炭热解样没有气体产出;泥炭经热解作用后,羟基含量随热解温度的升高先减少后增多,醛羰基、亚甲基和磷酸根的含量降低,芳香酸酯呈不单一减少趋势,伸缩振动S—O键在350 ℃之后的样品中出现且含量逐渐增加,说明其对微生物降解具抑制作用;泥炭经微生物降解作用后,酚、醇羟基、醛羰基、芳香酸酯、亚甲基和磷酸根的相对含量都大幅下降,且这些基团的分子间作用力相对减弱。