Sobolev Stability of Plane Wave Solutions to the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

This article explores the questions of long time orbital stability in high order Sobolev norms of plane wave solutions to the NLSE in the defocusing case.     

Der Einfluß von Grenzflächenerscheinungen auf den Stoffübergang und die Prozeßführung in Gegenstromkolonnen mit überkritischem CO2

Zusammenfassung Mittels des Einsatzes einer Hochdrucksichtzelle wurden Eigenschaften der Kontaktbereiche in Trennverfahren mit unterschiedlichen wäßrigen Lösungen und CO₂ unter hohen Drücken untersucht. Die Methode des hängenden Tropfens wurde zur Messung der Grenzflächenspannung bis zu Drücken von 280 bar angewandt. Der mit dem Druck abnehmende Verlauf weist nach der Gibbs'schen Theorie auf die Anreicherung von CO₂ in der Phasengrenze. Weiterhin wurde die für Packungskolonnen bedeutsame Feststoffbenetzung in Abhängigkeit von Druck und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit des Feststoffes untersucht. Der die Feststoffbenetzung charakterisierende Kontaktwinkel wurde mittels der Methode der gekippten Platte vermessen und ergab eine schlechtere Benetzung bei höheren Drücken und glatten Stahloberflächen.

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The effect of interfacial phenomena on mass transport and performance of separations in countercurrent columns with supercritical CO₂

Interfacial phenomena affecting countercurrent separation processes have been studied in systems containing aqueous solutions and CO₂ at elevated pressures by means of a high pressure optical cell. The pendant drop method was applied in order to measure the interfacial tension up to 280 bar. The decreasing course as a function of the pressure is due to the adsorption of CO₂ at the interface according to Gibbs' law. Further, wetting characteristics have been investigated as they are of considerable importance to packed columns. Therefore, the contact angle was determined by the method of the tilting plate and came out to increase with pressure and smoothness of the solid surface, indicating the loss of wettability.

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Synthesis of some 4-substituted-2-(o-halogenophenyl)-1,2,3-triazoles

Mesoaldehyde 1,3-dioxime was treated with either 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl- (a), o-fluorophenyl- (b), or o-bromophenyl- (c) hydrazine to give the corresponding mesoaldehyde 1,3-dioxime-2-halogenophenylhydrazones (1a,b,c). The latter were O-acetylated with acetic anhydride, and cyclized to triazole 4-oximes (3b, c) or triazole 4-O-acetyloximes ( 6a,b,c ) with cesium carbonate, then converted to nitriles ( 7a,b,c ) by refluxing with acetic anhydride followed by pyrolysis, or to aldehydes ( 4a,b,c ) by hydrolysis. The nitriles ( 7a,b,c ) were also converted to acids ( 9a,b,c ), esters ( 10a,b,c ), amides ( 8a,c ), an alcohol (11a), and an amine ( 12a ). In addition, tetrazoles of two types were prepared. The first ( 13d,e ) were obtained from the acid chlorides by the action of 5-aminotetrazole, whereas the second ( 14f ) was produced from the respective nitrile by the action of ammonium azide.     

Determination of pyrethrin and pyrethroid pesticides in urine and water matrixes by liquid chromatography with diode array detection

The following pyrethrin and pyrethroid pesticides were determined in urine and water matrixes by liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD): pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, tetramethrin, baythroid, bifenthrin, fenvalerate, phenothrin, allethrin, resmethrin, cis-permethrin, and trans-permethrin. In addition, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, a metabolite of various pyrethroids, was also successfully determined by the analytical method. The matrix extraction was simple, inexpensive, and fast, using only sodium chloride and acetonitrile. The acetonitrile extract was filtered and analyzed by LC-DAD. The method detection limits for the pyrethrin pesticides in 5 mL urine were determined to range from 0.002 to 0.04 microg/mL, depending on the individual pyrethrin. Recoveries from spiked tap water ranged from 77 to 96%; recoveries from urine ranged from 80 to 117%. This method is especially well-suited to clinical investigations, in which rapid analysis of forensic samples is often required.     

Stabilised phosphorus(I) and arsenic(I) iodide: readily-synthesised reagents for low oxidation state main group chemistry

Herein we report a surprisingly facile and clean synthesis of base-stabilised phosphorus(I) and arsenic(I) iodide salts, which are reagents that provide convenient access to new low oxidation state main group compounds.     

Electronic structure and properties of isoreticular metal-organic frameworks: the case of M-IRMOF1 (M = Zn, Cd, Be, Mg, and Ca)

We investigate the possibility of tailoring the electronic properties of isoreticular metal-organic materials by replacing the metal atom in the metal-organic cluster and by doping. The electronic structure of M-IRMOF1, where IRMOF1 stands for isoreticular metal-organic framework 1 and M = Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cd, was examined using density-functional theory. The results show that these materials have similar band gaps (ca. 3.5 eV) and a conduction band that is split into two bands, the lower of which has a width that varies with metal substitution. This variation prompted us to investigate whether doping with Al or Li could be used to tailor the electronic properties of the Zn-IRMOF1 and Be-IRMOF1 materials. It is shown that replacing one metal atom with Al can effectively be used to create IRMOFs with different metallic properties. On the other hand, adding Li produces structural changes that render this approach less suitable.     

A multi-technique surface study of the mercury(II) chalcogenide ion-selective electrode in saline media

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), rotating disc electrode-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (RDE-EIS) and synchrotron radiation-grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (SR-GIXRD) have been used to study the response mechanism of the mercury(II) chalcogenide ion-selective electrode (ISE) in saline media. XPS and SIMS have shown that the chalcogenide surface is poisoned by silver chloride, or a mixture of silver halides, on continuous exposure to synthetic and real seawater. Significantly, the in-situ SR-GIXRD study demonstrated that electrode fouling in synthetic seawater is linked to the formation of poorly crystalline or amorphous silver chloride, and that the low level of free mercury(II) in a calibration buffer (i.e., 10(-14) M) is able to undergo metathesis with silver(II) sulfide in the membrane generating mercury(II) sulfide. Significantly, the results of this detailed surface study have shown that silver chloride fouling of the electrode is ameliorated in real seawater comprising natural organic ligands, and this has been attributed to the peptization of silver chloride by the surfactant-like nature of seawater ligands at pH 8. RDE-EIS aging studies have revealed that the chalcogenide membrane experiences a sluggish charge transfer reaction in seawater, and contrary to a previous report for a static electrode, the seawater matrix does not passivate the RDE. The results of this XPS, SIMS, RDE-EIS and SR-GIXRD study have elucidated the response mechanism of the mercury(II) ISE in saline media.     

The effect of crown ethers on the alkylation of a cyclic β-keto ester

The effects of crown ethers (6 and 7) on the reactions of sodium (2a) and potassium enolates (2b) of 2-ethoxycarbonylcyclohexanone (1) with isopropyl iodide in dimethylsulfoxide and dimethoxyethane have been investigated. When the addition of crown ether promoted dissociation of ion pair 2 in either of the two solvents, the total rate of reaction (k_t) increased and the ratio of carbon- (3) to oxygen-alkylation (4 and 5) products decreased. The results are consistent with the involvement of both the ion pair and more dissociated species in alkylation and with greater reactivity for the latter.