The novel approach of stability aspect in organic oligoene dye for dye-sensitized solar cell applications

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - The phenyl-conjugated oligoene dye 2-cyano3-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)prop-2-enoic acid (SKS) was synthesized by chemical method, and its structure was...     

Elastic stability of all edges simply supported,stepped and stiffened rectangular plate under Biaxial loading

In this paper using finite difference method the lower bound buckling load for simply supported (a) stepped and stiffened rectangular thin plate (b) linear and non-linear variation of thickness (c) uniformly distributed compressive forces in both directions (d) uniformly distributed compressive force in y direction and non-uniform distribution of compressive force in x-direction is discussed. The thin plate is divided into 900 rectangular meshes. The partial derivatives are approximated using central difference formula. Eight hundred and forty one equations are formed and using the program developed and the least eigenvalue is obtained. The buckling coefficients are calculated for different types of stepped and non prismatic plates and the results are presented in tables and graphs for ready use by designers. Buckling factors for some cases are presented in the form of three separate tables and compared with the values obtained by Xiang, Wei and Wang. The results are in close agreement.     

Optimal extraction,sequential fractionation and structural characterization of soda lignin

Research on Chemical Intermediates - In this research, soda lignin was extracted from Bambusa bambos using a soda pulping process, and interaction effects of pulping variables were statistically...     

Free vibration and stability of tapered Euler–Bernoulli beams made of axially functionally graded materials

The free vibration and stability of axially functionally graded tapered Euler–Bernoulli beams are studied through solving the governing differential equations of motion. Observing the fact that the conventional differential transform method (DTM) does not necessarily converge to satisfactory results, a new approach based on DTM called differential transform element method (DTEM) is introduced which considerably improves the convergence rate of the method. In addition to DTEM, differential quadrature element method of lowest-order (DQEL) is used to solve the governing differential equation, as well. Carrying out several numerical examples, the competency of DQEL and DTEM in determination of free longitudinal and free transverse frequencies and critical buckling load of tapered Euler–Bernoulli beams made of axially functionally graded materials is verified.     

Chromium stress induced alterations in biochemical and enzyme metabolism in aquatic and terrestrial plants

Water is seriously polluted by the discharge of various industrial wastewater containing heavy metals. Among them, chromium is considered to be toxic to living organisms and it is released mostly from tanneries. The chromium-contaminated water is discharged into nearby water bodies and it affects both aquatic and terrestrial plants. So the present experiment was conducted with an aquatic plant, water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) and a terrestrial plant soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). They were treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/L) of potassium dichromate solution. The biochemical parameters such as total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein and amino acid content and the enzymatic activities like catalase and peroxidase were estimated. The accumulation of chromium was also analysed in both the plants. All the biochemical contents and enzyme activities of water lettuce and soybean seedlings showed a great variation with respect to the increase in chromium concentrations. The accumulation of chromium increased gradually with the increase of chromium concentrations. Total inhibition of all the parameters were observed at 300 mg/L chromium concentration. The terrestrial plant soybean was sensitive than the aquatic plant water lettuce towards chromium stress.     

Free vibration of centrifugally stiffened axially functionally graded tapered Timoshenko beams using differential transformation and quadrature methods

The free bending vibration of rotating axially functionally graded (FG) Timoshenko tapered beams (TTB) with different boundary conditions are studied using Differential Transformation method (DTM) and differential quadrature element method of lowest order (DQEL). These two methods are capable of modelling any beam whose cross sectional area, moment of inertia and material properties vary along the beam. In order to verify the competency of these two methods, natural frequencies are obtained for problems by considering the effect of material non-homogeneity, taper ratio, shear deformation parameter, rotating speed parameter, hub radius and tip mass. The results are tabulated and compared with the previous published results wherever available.     

Direct evidence for dynamic broadening of the energy spectra associated with the later steps of an Auger cascade

Auger cascade decay processes are of critical importance in x-ray-induced biological damage, chemical reactions, and desorption. Here, we report the first measurements of the isolated energy spectra of electrons emitted during the later steps of an Auger cascade process in a solid (MnO). The large widths and energy gains observed in cascade-induced Mn MVV Auger spectra (as compared to the spectra resulting from direct photoexcitation of the M core hole) provide strong evidence that valence holes created in previous cascade steps participate dynamically in later cascade steps.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, magnetic, DSS cell, lifetime measurement, electrochemical, catecholase activity, and antimicrobial studies of mono and hetero binuclear cryptates

Mono and hetero binuclear cryptates, [GdML(DMF)] [M = VO(IV), Co(II), Cu(II)], were synthesized. The ligand L represents the deprotonated anionic cryptate obtained by the 2+3 condensation of tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine with 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol. The crystal structure of [GdL(NO₃)](NO₃)₂·H₂O was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The magnetic susceptibility of the complexes was measured by SQUID. The Gd(III)Cu(II) cryptate has ferromagnetic interaction and [Gd(III)VO(IV)] cryptate has weaker intramolecular antiferromagnetic interaction. Fluorescence intensity and excited state lifetime of the cryptates increase in the following order: [GdCoL] < [GdVOL] < [GdL] < [GdCuL]. The efficiency (η) of cryptate based dye-sensitized solar cell increases in the following order: [GdL] < [GdVOL] < [GdCoL] < [GdCuL]. The reduction potential values of [Gd(M)L] M = VO(IV), Co(II), Cu(II) complexes are in the following order: Cu(II) > Co(II) > VO(IV). The catecholase activity of binuclear [GdML] complexes are relatively high compared with the mononuclear [Gd(III)L] complex in the following order: [GdL] < [GdVOL] < [GdCoL] < [GdCuL]. The antimicrobial activity of the binuclear complex Gd(III)Cu(II) is relatively higher than the mononuclear and other binuclear complexes.     

Free vibration analysis of axially functionally graded tapered Timoshenko beams using differential transformation element method and differential quadrature element method of lowest-order

The present paper investigates the free vibration characteristics of Timoshenko beams whose cross-sectional profile and material properties vary along the beam axis with any arbitrary functions. Free vibration analysis of these beams is carried out through solving the governing differential equations of motion. Since the application of differential transformation method (DTM) does not necessarily converge to satisfactory results, an element-based differential transformation method, namely differential transformation element method (DTEM), is introduced which significantly enhances the accuracy of the results. Furthermore, differential quadrature element of the lowest order (DQEL) is introduced which is based on differential quadrature element method (DQEM). DQEL formulates the problem on the basis of the interpolation of the first differential of the functions; therefore, in contrast with DQEM higher differentials of functions are not employed in DQEL. The competency of DQEL and DTEM in free vibration analysis is verified through several numerical examples. The effects of taper ratio and material non-homogeneity on natural frequencies are investigated.