SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOGERMANE OLIGOMERS VIA LIGAND SUBSTITUTION POLYMERIZATION FROM 1, 4-DIOXANE COMPLEX OF GERMANIUM DICHLORIDE

Some organogermanium oligomers with different side groups were synthesized via li-gand substitution polymerization from 1, 4-dioxane complex of germanium dichloride withdifferent organolithitum compounds. The oligomers were isolated through either precipi-tation from methanol or extraction using toluene with a yield of no less than 50%. Theweiglit average molecular weight (M_w) of the oligomers is ranging from 1.4×10~3 to 5.9×10~3depending on the type and alkyl length of the organolithium compounds used.     

Discovery of radioactive silver (110mAg) in spiders and other fauna in the terrestrial environment after the meltdown of Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant

Six months after the explosion of TEPCO’s Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, radioactive silver (^110mAg), was detected in concentrations of 3754 Bq/kg in Nephila clavata (the orb-web spider; Joro-gumo in Japanese) collected at Nimaibashi, Iitate village in Fukushima Prefecture, whereas ^110mAg in the soil was 43.1 Bq/kg. A survey of 35 faunal species in the terrestrial environment during the 3.5 years after the accident showed that most of Anthropoda had two orders higher ^110mAg in their tissues than soils, although silver is not an essential element for their life. However, tracing of the activity of ^110mAg detected in spider Atypus karschi collected regularly at a fixed location showed that it declined much faster than the physical half-life. These results suggest that ^110mAg was at once biologically concentrated by faunal species, especially Arthropoda, through food chain. The factors affecting the subsequent rapid decline of ^110mAg concentration in faunal species are discussed.     

Theoretical calculations of vibrational modes in endohedral metallofullerenes: La@C82 and Sc2@C84

Density functional theory at the B3LYP level is applied to representative mono- and dime-tallofullerenes, La@C₈₂ and Sc₂@C₈₄, to calculate the metal-cage vibrational modes that are currently of considerable interest in far-infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies. The La based vibrations calculated for La@C₈₂ are in good agreement with those assigned experimentally. The vibrational frequencies are little changed upon reduction and oxidation. The Sc based vibrations calculated for Sc₂@C₈₄ are also compared with the available experimental data. In addition, the structures of the isomers of Sc₂@C₈₄ are discussed. Electrostatic interactions play an important role in endohedral metallofullerenes.     

用衰减全反射红外二向色性表征聚环氧乙烷薄膜的表面取向

应用衰减全反射二向色性表征聚合物的表面取向,可不必测定样品的折光率使大多数实验简化.以聚环氧乙烷为例.用衰减全反射偏振红外光谱测定了它的表面二向色性比和计算了相应的取向函数.     

一种新的氮化碳相的冲击波合成

 为了合成理论预测存在的高密度氮化碳相,以富氮的C-N-O非晶材料和晶态的双氰胺为前体,在低于50 GPa的冲击压力范围内进行了一系列冲击回收实验。回收产物的XRD衍射表明,形成了由β-C₃N₄和一种新的氮化碳相组成的复合相。该新相的衍射峰可以完全指标化为一个单斜晶胞,晶胞常数为a=0.981 nm,b=0.723 nm,c=0.561 nm,β=95.2°,晶胞体积V_cell=0.396 6 nm³。根据实验结果可以认为,氮化碳复合相的形成是前体有机分子在瞬态的冲击波化学反应后,经历了极高速的冲击淬火过程（约10⁹ K/s）,作为一种高压亚稳相而被保存下来。冲击压缩富氮的有机物前体,是合成氮化碳相的一种新方法。     

Design and Synthesis of 6 α-Corticosteroid Haptens and Their Bovine Serum Albumin(BSA) Conjugates

The site of attachment of protein carrier to corticosteroids has great influence on the specificity of produced antibody.In order to obtain highly specific and accurate antibodies for bioimmunoassay determination of cortisol,different tether lengths of 60633－corticosteroid haptens and their BSA conjugates were designed and synthesized.     

Matched Spatial Filtering by Primitive Reference Patterns and Correlation Diagrams for Shape Invariant Pattern Recognition

In this paper, twelve linear primitive reference patterns are proposed for synthesizing a matched spatial filter, known as a shape invariant filter, which can recognize all patterns with various shapes. Furthermore, reprocessed data, given by correlation between the input object of the system and the reference patterns “correlation diagrams” are introduced for processing peak signals in a digital system. By correlating the diagram from the input object with the standard diagrams, the 26 of the alphabet letters were recognized in the experiment. Moreover, feasibility of the rotational invariance of the filter was suggested by the computer simulation.     

SURFACE GRAFTING OF POLYESTERS ONTO ORGANIC PIGMENTS AND THEIR DISPERSIBILITY IN ORGANIC SOLVENT

To modify the dispersibility of an organic pigment, such as quinacridone and anthraquinone, in organic solvents, the surface grafting of polyesters onto organic pigments by the anionic ring-opening alternating copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic acid anhydrides initiated by potassium carboxylate (COOK) groups introduced onto these surfaces was investigated. The organic pigment having COOK groups was prepared by the following two methods: (a) the reaction of potassium carbonate with surface acyl chloride groups, which were introduced by the treatment of surface amino groups with adipoyl dich bride, and (b) the graft polymerization of potassium acrylate initiated by azo groups introduced onto the surface. The anionic ring-opening alternating copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic acid anhydrides was initiated by COOK groups introduced onto the organic pigment surfaces to give the corresponding polyester-grafted organic pigments. The dispersibility of organic pigments in organic solvent was remarkably improved by the grafting of polyesters onto the surface.     

Experimental verification of the standard model of particle physics

The history concerning an experimental verification of the standard model of particle physics is reviewed with special emphasis on results from experiments using the highest-energy particle colliders, namely, PETRA, LEP and LHC. This article covers physics subjects from discovering the gluon and precise measurements at LEP, to discovering the Higgs boson. It also covers some searches for physics beyond the standard model, particularly supersymmetry, as well as recent developments of some particle detectors that were used in those experiments.     

Sex Differences in Physical Activity in People After Stroke: A Cross-sectional Study

OBJECTIVE: Adequate physical activity after stroke is critical for cardiovascular health. Although sex is a potential factor associated with post-stroke physical activity, its mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to examine sex differences in human physical activity following stroke. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 62 participants (men: 42, women: 20) was conducted. Physical activity was measured for three consecutive days using a step activity monitor. The walking durations per day in light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and total physical activity were calculated. Sex differences in walking duration were compared using Welch''s t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: Women had a significantly greater walking duration in light physical activity and in total than did the men. In contrast, no significant differences were found in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSION: This study reported sex differences in the walking duration after stroke. Moreover, it found that women spent more time in low intensity physical activity than men. Our results will be useful for planning interventions to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior after stroke.