Functionalization of partially reduced graphene oxide by metal complex as electrode material in supercapacitor

Research on Chemical Intermediates - High electrical conductivity and high surface area are two main parameters which influence supercapacitor electrode performance. Graphene has gained prominence...     

An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 3-Cyano-6-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinones under Microwave Irradiation and Solvent-free Conditions

Summary. Three component condensation of alkylacetoacetates, primary amines, and alkyl cyanoacetates catalyzed by solid supports under microwave irradiation gave N-alkyl 3-cyano-6-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinones with high yields. Upon carrying out the reaction under the same condition on acidic alumina, zeolite HY, silica gel, and montmorillonite K-10, the best yields were achieved by silica gel. Corresponding author. E-mail: balalaie@yahoo.com Received August 28, 2002; accepted September 3, 2002     

Synthesis and characterization of new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s containing epiclon and L‐methionine moieties in the main chain

Epiclon [3a,4,5,7a‐tetrahydro‐7‐methyl‐5‐(tetrahydro‐2,5‐dioxo‐3‐furanyl)‐1,3‐isobenzofurandione] (1) was reacted with L ‐methionine (2) in acetic acid and the resulting imide‐acid 3 was obtained in high yield. The diacid chloride 4 was prepared from diacid derivative 3 by reaction with thionyl chloride. Thermostable poly(amide‐imide)s containing epiclon structure were synthesized by reacting of diacid chloride 4 with various aromatic diamines. Polymerization reaction was performed by two conventional methods: low temperature solution polycondensation and short period reflux conditions. In order to compare conventional solution polycondensation reaction methods with microwave‐assisted polycondensation, the reactions were also carried out under microwave conditions with a small amount of o‐cresol that acts as a primary microwave absorber. The reaction mixture was irradiated for 6 min with 100% radiation power. Several new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s with inherent viscosity ranging from 0.15 to 0.36 dl/g were obtained with high yield. All of the above polymers were fully characterized by ¹H‐NMR, FT‐IR, elemental analyses and specific rotation techniques. Some structural characterizations and physical properties of these new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and characterization of new thermally stable and optically active poly(ester‐imide)s by direct polycondensation with thionyl chloride in pyridine

4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropylidene‐2,2‐bis‐(phthalic acid anhydride) (1) was reacted with L ‐methionine (2) in acetic acid and the resulting N,N′–(4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropylidenediphthaloyl)‐bis‐L ‐methionine (4) was obtained in high yield. The direct polycondensation reaction of this diacid with several aromatic diols such as bisphenol A (5a), phenolphthalein (5b), 1,4‐dihydroxybenzene (5c), 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide (5d), 4,6‐dihydroxypyrimidine (5e), 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone (5f) and 2,4′‐dihydroxyacetophenone (5g) was carried out in a system of thionyl chloride and pyridine. Expecting that the reaction with thionyl chloride in pyridine might involve alternative intermediates different from an acyl chloride, the polycondensation at a higher temperature favorable for the reaction of the expected intermediate with nucleophiles was attempted, and a highly thermally stable poly(ester‐imide) was obtained by carrying out the reaction at 80°C. All of the above polymers were fully characterized by ¹H‐NMR, ¹⁹F‐NMR FT‐IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and specific rotation. Some structural characterization and physical properties of these optically active poly(ester‐ imide)s are reported. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Convenient N-Alkylation of amines using an effective magnetically separable supported ionic liquid containing an anionic polyoxometalate

Research on Chemical Intermediates - An effective synthesis of anion-exchanged supported ionic liquid using magnetically separable nanoparticles and its catalytic effect on N-alkylation reactions...     

Sonochemically assisted synthesis and application of hollow spheres, hollow prism, and coralline-like ZnO nanophotocatalyst

Nanosheet-based microspheres of ZnO with hierarchical structures, hollow prism, and coralline-like ZnO nanostructures were successfully prepared by ultrasonic irradiation in acidic ionic liquids (AILs). The hollow spherical is made up of many thin petals, the thickness of which is only about 90 nm. In the presence of AIL2, the one prepared at a frequency of 40 kHz is a mixture of nanofibers with diameters ranging from less than 30 nm to about 100 nm. ZnO nanostructure (with AIL1) reveals lozenge-shape hollow prism structures. The products were hollow prism structure covered with some nanometric-size nanoparticles. The average size of the nanoparticles is in the range of 40?C80 nm. It is found that the ultrasonic irradiation time, ultrasonic frequency, and the AILs influence the growth mechanism and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures. Producing Zno nanostructures by different traditional methods (e.g., hydrothermal method) requires basic media. These methods are not economical and environmentally friendly in many industrial processes. In so doing, a critical problem has been the point that, normally, a high concentration of base causes reactor metal corrosion. This is a simple and low-cost method, which can be expected to be applied in industry in the future. Also, importantly, the structures synthesized in this experiment can indicate a new way to construct nanodevices by self-organization in one step.     

Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide functionalized with methyl red dye and its role in enhancing photoactivity in TiO2–IL/WO3 composite for toluene degradation

Research on Chemical Intermediates - A nanostructured composite material was produced through sol–gel-assisted ionic liquid (IL) synthesized TiO2, WO3 and functionalized reduced graphene...     

Efficient and green synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrroles promoted by task-specific basic ionic liquids as catalyst in aqueous media

Synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrroles by the three-component condensation reaction of acid chlorides, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and amino acids in the presence of various room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as catalysts in water is reported. Among the ionic liquids used, the basic functionalized ionic liquid, butyl methyl imidazolium hydroxide [bmim]OH, was the most effective catalyst. The influence of reaction temperature, reaction time, and amount of ionic liquid on the reaction was investigated. The [bmim]OH/H₂O catalyst system could be reused for at least five recycles without appreciable loss of efficiency.     

Supramolecular Polymer Based on Poly (Ethylene-co-Vinyl Alcohol)-g-Ureidopyrimidinone: Self-Assembly and Thermo-Reversibility

The synthesis of a poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH)-based supramolecular polymer by graft functionalization of EVOH with ureidopyrimidinone groups (UPy) has been studied. The resulting polymer, designated as EVOH-U, has been studied from a thermo-reversibility point of view. Generally, UPy, itself, can be self-assembled through fourfold hydrogen bonding, but in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, it favors a tautomeric form that is incapable of self-assembly. Thermal treatment was applied as a means of manipulating the tautomerism. With applying consecutive heating and annealing procedures, the disruption and reversible regeneration of UPy hydrogen bonds were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed about 91% and 86% of the hydrogen bonds regenerated after first and second adequate thermal treatments. Dynamic mechanical-thermal analysis (DMTA) confirmed the thermo-reversibility of EVOH-U as well. Moreover, DMTA showed that, after disruption and regeneration of hydrogen bonds, the EVOH-U specimen retained its structural integrity.