Overview of finite elements simulation of temperature profile to estimate properties of materials 3D-printed by laser powder-bed fusion

Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF),like many other additive manufacturing techniques,offers flexibility in design expected to become a disruption to the manufacturing industry.The current cost of LPBF process does not favor a try-anderror way of research,which makes modelling and simulation a field of superior importance in that area of engineering.In this work,various methods used to overcome challenges in modeling at different levels of approximation of LPBF process are reviewed.Recent efforts made towards a reliable and computationally effective model to simulate LPBF process using finite element(FE)codes are presented.A combination of ray-tracing technique,the solution of the radiation transfer equation and absorption measurements has been used to establish an analytical equation,which gives a more accurate approximation of laser energy deposition in powder-substrate configuration.When this new analytical energy deposition model is used in in FE simulation,with other physics carefully set,it enables us to get reliable cooling curves and melt track morphology that agree well with experimental observations.The use of more computationally effective approximation,without explicit topological changes,allows to simulate wider geometries and longer scanning time leading to many applications in real engineering world.Different applications are herein presented including:prediction of printing quality through the simulated overlapping of consecutive melt tracks,simulation of LPBF of a mixture of materials and estimation of martensite inclusion in printed steel.     

KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE REACTION BETWEEN OLIGOSILOXANES AND P-TRICHLORO-N-DICHLOROPHOSPHORYL MONOPHOSPHAZENE (Cl3P[dbnd]N-POCl2)

Abstract

³¹P NMR investigation has been made of the action of Cl₃P[dbnd]N-POCl₂(I) first on hexamethyldisiloxane (Me₃Si)₂O and then on oligosiloxanes Me₃Si-(OSiMe₂)_n-OSiMe₃ n = 2 and n=3. The reactions were carried out in bulk or in solution with molar ratios siloxane/(I) varying from I to 5. It was demonstrated that only the monosubstitution of a chlorine atom by the -(OSiMe₂)_n,-OSiMe₃ species n = 0, 2, 3 with elimination of trimethylchlorosilane occurred leading to the derivatives Cl₂OP-N[dbnd]PCl₂O(SiMe₂-O)_nSiMe₃ (II). For n=2, 3 the siloxane redistribution reactions were observed by ²⁹Si NMR analysis. A two steps mechanism is proposed. consisting in a nucleophilic substitution, involving a tricoordinate phosphazenium intermediate, followed by the formation of an active ionic centre probably an oxonium ion, arising from the solvatation by the siloxane of this phosphazeniurn ion and /or of (II) leading to the redistribution reactions. The influences of the solvent, of trimethylchlorosilane, of the temperature, and of the addition of a protonated species (MDH) were investigated.     

Supported nickel bromide catalyst for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate

A new supported catalytic system, i.e. nickel bromide catalyst ligated by triphenylphosphine (TPP) ligands immobilized onto crosslinked polystyrene resins (PS-TPP) is reported. Per se, this catalyst does not allow any control over the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate but, in the presence of a given amount of purposely added free TPP, it promotes controlled ATRP of MMA. Indeed colorless PMMA chains of low polydispersity indices are readily recovered, the molecular weight of which linearly increases with monomer conversion and agrees with the expected values. Recycling of the supported catalyst is evidenced and does not prevent the polymerization from being controlled.     

Effect of MgO promoter on Ni-based SBA-15 catalysts for combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with Ni contents ranging from 5 wt% to 15 wt%, as well as another series of 10%Ni/MgO/SBA-15 catalysts, in which the range of the MgO content was from 1 wt% to 7 wt%, were prepared, and their catalytic performances for the reaction of combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated in a continuous flow microreactor. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using the XRD, H2-TPR and CO2-TPD techniques. The results indicated that the CO selectivity for this reaction was very close to 100%, and the H2/CO ratio of the product gas could be controlled by changing the H2O/CO2 molar ratio of the feed gas. The simultaneous and plentiful existing of steam and CO2 had a significant influence on the catalytic performance of the 10%Ni/SBA-15 catalyst without modification. After reacting at 850 °C for 120 h over this catalyst, the CH4 conversion dropped from 98% to 85%, and the CO2 conversion decreased from 86% to 53%. However, the 10%Ni/3%MgO/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited a much better catalytic performance, and after reacting for 620 h, the CO2 conversion over this catalyst dropped from 92% to around 77%, while the CH4 conversion was not decreased. Oxidation of the Ni0 species as well as carbon deposition during the reaction were the main reasons for the deactivation of the catalyst without modification. On the other hand, modification by the MgO promoter improved the dispersion of the Ni0 species, and enhanced the CO2 adsorption affinity which in turn depressed the occurring of carbon deposition, and thus retarded the deactivation process.     

Effect of Cu promoter on Ni-based SBA-15 catalysts for partial oxidation of methane to syngas

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with 5wt% to 15wt% Ni content as well as a series of 12.5%Ni/Cu/SBA-15 catalysts with 1% to 10% copper content were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalytic performance for partial oxidation of methane was investigated in a continuous flow microreactor under atmospheric pressure. The textural and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET and H2-TPR techniques. The results indicated that the catalysts modified with Cu promoter showed better performance than those without modification. For the 12.5%Ni/2.5%/Cu/SBA-15 catalyst, at 850 ◦C the conversion of CH4 reached 97.9% and the selectivity of CO and H2 reached 98.0% and 96.0%, respectively. In XRD patterns of the Ni/Cu/SBA-15 catalyst with 7.5 to 10% Cu contents there were CuO characteristic peaks beside NiO characteristic peaks. The mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was retained in all of the catalysts. TPR analysis of the catalysts revealed that a strong interaction between Ni, Cu promoter and SBA-15 support may be existed. This interaction enhanced significantly the redox properties of the catalysts resulting in the higher catalytic activity.     

Copper‐based supported catalysts for the atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate: How can activity and control be tuned up?

This article is aimed at revisiting the synthesis of copper‐based catalysts immobilized onto crosslinked polystyrene (PS) resins carrying pyridinimine groups (PS–pyridinimine/CuBr). These supported catalytic systems were used for promoting the atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate as initiated by ethyl‐2‐bromoisobutyrate. It was evidenced that the control over the polymerization reaction was strongly influenced by the coordination ability and extent of the transition‐metal salt on the supported pyridinimine ligands. For instance, increasing the ligand‐to‐catalyst molar ratio allowed for increasing the polymerization rate and improving the control over the molecular parameters of the synthesized poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) in terms of the molar masses and molecular weight distributions. The PS–pyridinimine/CuBr supported catalyst was recycled and reused for further polymerization reactions. After two recycling steps, the reaction activity appeared to be preserved, and the control was improved in terms of the initiation efficiency. However, a slight increase in the polydispersity indices was observed. Interestingly, the introduction of a flexible polydimethylsiloxane spacer between the PS support and the catalytic sites led to some more improvement of the control over the molecular parameters of PMMA chains, which displayed narrower molecular weight distributions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 744–756, 2006     

Structure of ultra-thin confined alkane films from Monte Carlo simulations

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations are reported of thin films of n-alkane confined fluids (1,4, 10 carbons) and i-decane under thermodynamic conditions away from the freezing line. All simulated solvation pressure profiles exhibit damped oscillations with a main period of oscillation equal roughly to the size of a methane, methyl or methylene bead (4-4.5 Å). This reflects an arrangement of the beads in layers parallel with the confining walls, which causes an oscillation of the local density across the film. However, the alkane molecules themselves are not arranged in perfect layers. The oscillations do not vanish for long chain and/or branched molecules: they are only attenuated. Also n-decane films have been simulated under thermodynamic conditions closer to surface force apparatus experiments. In contrast with an earlier molecular dynamics study, an overall continuous variation in the average number of decane molecules with the walls separation was found, consistent with the smooth transition towards slower relaxation and increasing rigidity with decreasing film thickness observed in some experiments. The possible origin of the discrepancy between the different simulation findings is discussed.     

镧助剂对模拟生物沼气重整制备合成气中Ni/SBA-15催化剂结构和性能的影响

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体, 采用浸渍法制备了镍质量分数(w)为12.5%, 并且分别添加质量分数(w)为2.5%的镧、铈、镁、钙、锶等助剂的系列Ni基催化剂. 以CH4/CO2体积比为2:1的模拟生物沼气和适量氧气作为原料气, 在常压固定床反应器上评价了催化剂对模拟生物沼气重整制合成气的反应性能. 采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N2吸附/脱附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等对催化剂的结构进行了表征. 催化活性评价显示, 添加镧助剂的2.5%La/12.5%Ni/SBA-15催化剂比添加铈、镁、钙、锶等助剂的催化剂具有更高的催化活性, 并且具有很好的稳定性. 因此, 文中着重研究了镧助剂对催化剂结构和模拟生物沼气重整制合成气的反应性能的影响. 结果表明, 镧能明显提高Ni/SBA-15催化剂的表面镍含量, 同时还具有很好的抗积炭作用, 在850 ℃的温度下反应820 h没有发现积炭生成, 这些可能是提高催化剂性能和稳定性的重要因素.     

Fixed and Minimal Order Compensators

Given a time-invariant linear plant, the authors consider aminimal (or fixed) order compensator such that the (unity feedback)closed loop is stable with respect to a given region in thecomplex plane. The so-called critical constraint is used tofind points in the (parameter space) stability region. Thisenables some practical constraints to be added in the compensatordesign.