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The principal fragmentation reactions of metastable [C3H7S]+ ions are loss of H2S and C2H4. These reactions and the preceding isomerizations of [C3H7S]+ ions with six different initial structures were studied by means of labelling with 13C or D. From the results it is concluded that the loss of H2S and C2H4 both occur at least mainly from ions with the structure [CH3CH2CH? SH]+ or from ions with the same carbon sulfur skeleton, with the exception of the ions with the initial structure [CH3CH2S? CH2]+, which partly lose C2H4 without a preceding isomerization. For all ions, more than one reaction route leads to [CH3CH2CH?SH]+. It is concluded that the loss of H2S is at least mainly a 1,3-elimination from the [CH3CH2CH?SH]+ ions. Both decomposition reactions are preceded by extensive but incomplete hydrogen exchange. 相似文献
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From deuterium labelling experiments it was concluded that metastable molecular ions of ethyl methyl sulfide lose a methyl radical with the formation of both [CH3S?CH2]+ amd [CH3CH?SH]+˙ The fragmentation reactions of metastable ions generated with these structure are losses of C2H2, H2S and CH4. These reactoins and the preceding isomerizations have also been studied by means of deuterium labelling. From the results it is concluded that the three fragmentation reactions most probably occur from ions with a C? C? S skeleton. Appearance energy measurements for ions generated with the two structures above and all give rise to the same ΔHf value for these three isomeric forms. Ab initio molecular orbitals calculations confirm that these three ions fortuitously have very similar heats of formation. A potential energy diagram rationalizing the isomerizations and the principal fragmentation reaction is presented. 相似文献
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P. Hilse Th. Bornath M. Moll M. Schlanges N. X. Truong S. Göde J. Tiggesbäumker K.‐H. Meiwes‐Broer 《等离子体物理论文集》2012,52(1):28-32
Different experimental methods to maximize the yield of highly charged ions in silver and xenon clusters interacting with intense and ultra‐short optical laser pulses are discussed. Theoretically, the interaction of strong laser fields with clusters is investigated within the nanoplasma model. The time evolution of the laser intensity has been parametrized. The free optimization of the parameters with a genetic algorithm is an effective but expensive tool to control the plasma dynamics. Comparison is given to the parametric control method in which pulse separation and relative intensity ratio of double‐pulses are varied. This method delivers in the case of silver and xenon clusters pulses quite close to the optimal pulse shape (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
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We study quasi-periodic tori under a normal-internal resonance, possibly with multiple eigenvalues. Two non-degeneracy conditions play a role. The first of these generalizes invertibility of the Floquet matrix and prevents drift of the lower dimensional torus. The second condition involves a Kolmogorov-like variation of the internal frequencies and simultaneously versality of the Floquet matrix unfolding. We focus on the reversible setting, but our results carry over to the Hamiltonian and dissipative contexts. 相似文献
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Jelle E. Stumpel Dr. Danqing Liu Prof. Dirk J. Broer Dr. Albertus P. H. J. Schenning 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(33):10922-10927
Herein, we describe the preparation of patterned photoresponsive hydrogels by using a facile method. This polymer‐network hydrogel coating consists of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), cross‐linking agent tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), and a new photochromic spiropyran monoacrylate. In a pre‐study, a linear NIPAAM copolymer (without TPGDA) that contained the spiropyran dye was synthesised, which showed relatively fast photoswitching behaviour. Subsequently, the photopolymerisation of a similar monomer mixture that included TPGDA afforded freestanding hydrogel polymer networks. The light‐induced isomerisation of protonated merocyanine into neutral spiropyran under slightly acidic conditions resulted in macroscopic changes in the hydrophilicity of the entire polymer film, that is, shrinkage of the hydrogel. The degree of shrinkage could be controlled by changing the chemical composition of the acrylate mixture. After these pre‐studies, a hydrogel film with spatially modulated cross‐link density was fabricated through polymerisation‐induced diffusion, by using a patterned photomask. The resulting smooth patterned hydrogel coating swelled in slightly acidic media and the swelling was higher in the regions with lower cross‐linking densities, thus yielding a corrugated surface. Upon exposure to visible light, the surface topography flattened again, thus showing that a hydrogel coating could be created, the topography of which could be controlled by light irradiation. 相似文献
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Self‐assembled Dynamic 3D Fingerprints in Liquid‐Crystal Coatings Towards Controllable Friction and Adhesion 下载免费PDF全文
Dr. Danqing Liu Dr. Dirk J. Broer 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(18):4542-4546
Chiral‐nematic polymer network coatings form a “fingerprint” texture through self‐assembly. For this purpose the molecular helix of the coating is oriented parallel to the substrate. The coating has a flat surface but when actuated by light in the presence of a copolymerized azobenzene compound, 3D fingerprint structures appear in the coating. The helix forms protrusions at the positions where the molecules are aligned parallel to the surface and withdraws at the positions where the orientation is perpendicular. This process proceeds rapidly and is reversible, that is, the fingerprint‐shaped protrusions disappear when the light is switched off. The texture in the on‐state resembles that of a human fingerprint and is used to manipulate the gripping friction of a robotic finger. The friction coefficient drops by a factor of four to five when the fingerprint switched on because of reduced surface contacts. 相似文献
10.
We comment on the paper [Song et al., J. Comput. Chem. 2009, 30, 399]. and discuss the efficiency of the orbital optimization and gradient evaluation in the Valence Bond Self Consistent Field (VBSCF) method. We note that Song et al. neglect to properly reference Broer et al., who published an algorithm [Broer and Nieuwpoort, Theor. Chim. Acta 1988, 73, 405] to use a Fock matrix to compute a matrix element between two different determinants, which can be used for an orbital optimization. Further, Song et al. publish a misleading comparison with our VBSCF algorithm [Dijkstra and van Lenthe, J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, 2100; van Lenthe et al., Mol. Phys. 1991, 73, 1159] to enable them to favorably compare their algorithm with ours. We give detail timings in terms of different orbital types in the calculation and actual timings for the example cases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献