Illusions of vision: Interpretation within the framework of a holographic model

Several illusions of vision are considered on the basis of a neurophysiological holographic model of visual perception at the level of the eye’s and the retina. It is suggested that the eye’s optical system forms a spatial spectrum of the observed object rather than its image on the retina. The spectrum is encoded by active anisotropic quasi-crystalline structures of rod rhodopsins and cone iodopsins, and a complex Fourier hologram of the observed object consisting of two quadrature components is recorded. The holographic hypothesis is confirmed by the results obtained by digital simulation.     

Energy and Acid-Base Characteristics of the Surface of Nitramine Fillers for Polymeric Composites

Single crystals of nitramine fillers for special-purpose polymeric composites are characterized by the surface energy and its constituents and also by the acidity of their surface.     

Nuclear fusion in the mesic molecule d μ 3He

A new scheme is presented for the physical processes leading to the nuclear fusion reaction d(³He, ⁴He)p catalyzed by a negatively charged muon μ⁻. It is shown that the observable rate and yield of the nuclear reaction depend on a chain of ion-molecular reactions involving the participation of the dμ ³He molecule. New calculations of the nuclear fusion rates in the dμ³He molecule are presented. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 67, No. 2, 89–94 (25 January 1998) Published in English in the original Russian journal. Edited by Steve Torstveit.     

Structure and photochemistry of 18-diazo-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclononadeca-17,19-dione and its sodium and potassium complexes. Control of the ground-state conformation of 2-diazo-1,3-dicarbonyl fragment via host-guest complexation

[reaction: see text] The macrocyclic 18-diazo-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclononadeca-17,19-dione (3-diazo-2,4-dioxo-19-crown-6, 1) readily forms complexes with potassium (2, stability constant in methanol is K(K+) = 229 +/- 25 M(-1)) and sodium ions (3, K(Na+) = 84.2 +/- 7.9 M(-1) in methanol). According to B3LYP/6-31G+(d,p) calculations and temperature-dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy, the predominant conformation of 1 has a Z,Z arrangement of the diazo and carbonyl groups. The X-ray crystal structure analysis showed that the potassium complex (2) has the same Z,Z arrangement, while the sodium analogue (2) exists in conformation with Z,E geometry of the diazodicarbonyl moiety. Direct 254 nm photolysis of diazo compounds 1-3 in methanol results in the formation of 3-methoxy-2,4-dioxo-19-crown-6 (5), the product of the insertion of corresponding alpha,alpha'-dicarbonylcarbene into the O-H bond of the solvent. The triplet-sensitized photolysis of diazomalonates 1-3 produces 2,4-dioxo-19-crown-6 (6), which is apparently formed via the triplet state of the intervening carbene.     

The choice of optimal conditions for the determination of arsenic in form of molybdenum blue

Summary A critical review of main works dealing with the study on optimal conditions of the reaction of arsenic blue formation has been made.The effect of acid and molybdate concentration in a volume under photometry on the determination of arsenic in the form of blue has been more precised: for three molybdate concentrations (0.0004M, 0.0008M, 0.0016M) there were found three optimal acidity ranges: I-0.12 to 0.20M; II-0.22 to 0.34M; III-0.36 to 0.52 M. The best results have been obtained when working under conditions corresponding to the centre of the above ranges, because in this case arsenic blue is developed completely, characterized by high stability and does not depend on heating time and temperature. The more far from the centre, the worse is the reproducibility of data, as the formation of blues depends on heating temperature and time, solution staying time etc. under these conditions.The effect of nitrates has been estimated quantitatively and the ways of its elimination have been outlined.

---

Die besten Versuchsbedingungen für die Arsenbestimmung in Form von Molybdänblau

Zusammenfassung Eine kritische Übersicht über die in der Literatur angegebenen Reaktionsbedingungen für die Bildung von Arsen-Molybdänblau wird gegeben.Der Einfluß der Säureund der Molybdatkonzentration bei der photometrischen Arsenbestimmung wurde präzisiert: für drei verschiedene Molybdatkonzentrationen (0,0004M, 0,0008M, 0,0016M) wurden drei verschiedene optimale Säurekonzentrationen (0,12–0,20M, 0,22–0,34M, 0,36–0,52M) gefunden. Die besten Ergebnisse erhält man unter Bedingungen, die dem Mittel dieser Werte entsprechen; in diesem Fall ist die Bildung von Arsenblau vollständig, die Farbe ist stabil und weder von der Dauer noch von der Höhe des Erhitzern abhängig. Je mehr die Bedingungen von diesem Mittel abweichen, um so schlechter sind die Ergebnisse, da dann die Bildung der Blaufärbung von der Temperatur und der Dauer des Erhitzens, von der Dauer des Stehens der Lösung usw. abhängt. -Der Einfluß von Nitrat wurde quantitativ ermittelt und Wege zu dessen Vermeidung angegeben.

---

---

The theses of the work were presented at 9th International Symposium on Microchemical Techniques, Amsterdam, August 28–September 2, 1983.     

The local characteristics of the bound states of muonic molecules

The sticking probabilities ^Jv,G- and-factors for all bound states of mesic molecules ppµ, pdµ, ptµ, ddµ, dtµ, and ttµ withJ=0 andv=0, 1 have been calculated in the adiabatic hyperspherical approach (AHSA).     

Autoradiography studies of the processes of wetting and spreading

Data of the studies of wetting and spreading in liquid metal-solid metal systems, as well as the modification of various solid surfaces with aqueous surfactant solutions, by the autoradiography technique are reported.Translated from Kolloidnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2005, pp. 26–31.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Dolzhikova, Bogdanova, Summ, Korobkov.     

Wetting of Solids by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactant Binary Mixtures: 1. Wetting of Low-Energy Surfaces

Wetting of low-energy surfaces (polymers, hydrophobized glass) by the aqueous solutions of binary mixtures of nonionic (Triton X-100) and cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) surfactants at the molar fraction of cationic surfactant = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 was studied in the wide concentration range. It was shown that the contact angles of mixed solutions at low-energy surfaces could be predicted on the basis of surface tension isotherms. Concentration ranges of wetting synergism were determined.     

Synthesis of molecular ferromagnetics [R3R′X]MCr(C2O4)3 (X = N,R = Bun,R′ = Prn,Et, Me; X = P,R = Ph,R′ = Bun; M = Mn,Fe, Co,Ni, Cu)

The synthesis, IR spectra, and the temperatures of the transition into a ferromagnetic state (T _c) of layered ferromagnetics [R₃RX[MCr(C₂O₄)₃ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Ni) with the [Ph₃BuP]⁺, [Bu₃RN]⁺ (R = Pr, Et, and Me) cations capable of subsequently changing the distances between metallooxalate layers have been considered. The temperatureT _c has been found to be independent of the size of the organic cation. It is believed that the determining factors in the transition to a ferromagnetic state are exchange interactions inside the metallooxalate layer.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2327–2330, September, 1996.     

Interpretation of IR spectra using complete sets of structure fragment compositions and an IR search system. 3. Analysis of large fragments

The results of identification of five-, six-, and seven-node fragments by the IR spectra of compounds are characterized by quantitative parameters: probability, reliability, and types of fragments. This analysis is carried out using the database containing more than 11,000 complete IR spectra and structures of organic compounds. It is analyzed how the fractions of correct fragments in the search result depend on the threshold occurrence and nonrandomness of fragment selection. Examples of statistical reliability of the revealed fragments are given. Translated fromZhumal Struktumoi Khimii, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 369–379, March–April, 1997.