化学生物学解析疾病中O-GlcNAc糖基化功能:研究工具与策略

O-连接β-N-乙酰葡糖胺(O-GlcNAc)糖基化是广泛存在于蛋白质丝/苏氨酸残基的翻译后修饰.这一动态、可逆单糖修饰以位点特异性方式影响底物蛋白的结构和生物学功能,参与调控几乎所有细胞生理过程和重大疾病的演进过程.随着研究深入,O-GlcNAc糖基化生物功能的系统解析需要更多特异、精准的研究工具和糖蛋白质组学研究策略.近年来,化学生物学领域开发了包括小分子糖探针、生物正交糖代谢标记物、化学酶法、特异性抗体和凝集素等多种O-GlcNAc糖基化分析工具和方法,以此为基础进一步发展了O-GlcNAc糖蛋白质组学研究策略.同时,借助高分辨质谱,大量蛋白质O-GlcNAc修饰位点得以鉴定,极大促进了位点特异性O-GlcNAc的生物功能研究.本文综述了近年来这一领域的研究进展,以期为更多化学工具的开发提供依据,为揭示O-GlcNAc糖基化在疾病演进中的功能提供新的研究思路和策略.     

酶响应的树枝状大分子键合物在体外肿瘤模型中的渗透行为研究

实体肿瘤组织中固有的高渗透压、高细胞密度和乏血供等生物屏障导致纳米药物难以在肿瘤组织中浸润,从而难以渗透到肿瘤内部发挥治疗作用.为了克服上述纳米药物的被动扩散瓶颈,提升其在肿瘤组织中的渗透效果,本文设计了一种基于主动转胞吞作用来实现跨细胞传递和肿瘤渗透的纳米载药系统.利用γ-谷氨酰胺转移酶(GGT)响应的两性离子基团(BGA)修饰了以喜树碱(CPT)为核心的第四代树枝状大分子(G4/CPT),制备了一种具有精准结构和肿瘤特异性酶响应电荷反转的药物-树枝状大分子键合物(G4/CPT-BGA),其分子量为20 kDa,粒径约为5 nm,表面电势约为-2 mV.研究发现G4/CPT-BGA能够被GGT催化产生由负到正的电荷反转,并且能够水解释放出所携载的化疗药物喜树碱,从而有效杀伤肿瘤细胞.通过流式细胞术实验和激光共聚焦显微镜证明了G4/CPT-BGA能通过小窝蛋白介导的细胞内吞被肿瘤细胞摄取,随后通过高尔基体介导的细胞外排途径被释放出细胞,由此通过这种迭代不断的"内吞-外排"作用(转胞吞)实现跨细胞传递.最后,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察G4/CPT-BGA在三维肿瘤球中的浸润效果,证明了G4/CPT-BGA能够基于主动转胞吞作用实现在肿瘤球中的高效渗透作用.因此,用GGT响应的两性离子基团对树枝状大分子的端基进行修饰,能赋予该载体主动转胞吞作用的功能,从而克服被动转运过程中的扩散障碍,为设计其他具有肿瘤增强渗透能力的抗癌纳米药物递送系统提供了可能.     

人类谷胱甘肽硫转移酶家族等位基因蛋白B与抑制剂作用模型的理论研究

采用分子动力学模拟方法系统地研究了谷胱甘肽硫转移酶家族(Glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)的等位基因蛋白B(GSTP1*B)与抑制剂利尿酸(EA)以及EA的谷胱甘肽(GSH)共轭物EAG(I),EAG(O)的具体结合方式.抑制剂及其谷胱甘肽共轭物与蛋白的相互作用能计算结果及分子动力学轨迹的统计分析结果表明,GSTP1*B与EA的谷胱甘肽共轭物的结合能力优于其与EA的结合能力,Phe8,Arg13,Trp38和Tyr108是作用过程中的关键残基,对稳定抑制剂及其谷胱甘肽共轭物在GSTP1*B的G和H位点的构象具有重要的作用.通过对构象的统计分析发现,残基Phe8和Tyr108与GSTP1*B酶对抑制剂的选择性密切相关.     

1-氟代糖在化学-酶法合成糖类中的应用

化学-酶法合成糖类具有立体选择性和区域选择性, 逐渐成为糖类合成的主流. 1-氟代糖作为糖基供体应用于化学-酶法合成反应, 显示出越来越重要的作用, 综述了1-氟代糖在糖基转移酶和糖苷酶催化的糖类合成中的应用.     

Cloning, Expression and Purification of Wheat Acetyl-CoA Carboxylases CT Domain in E. coil

The entire gene of carboxyltransferase（CT） domain of acetyl-CoA carboxylase（ACCase） from Chinese Spring wheat（CSW） plastid was cloned firstly, and the 2.3 kb gene was inserted into PET28a^＋ vector and expressed in E. coil in a soluble state. The （His）6 fusion protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography, and the calculated molecular mass（Mr） was 88000. The results of the sequence analysis indicate that the cloned gene（GeneBank accession No. EU124675） was a supplement and revision of the reported ACCase CT partial cDNA from Chinese Spring wheat plastid. The recombinant protein will be significant for us to investigate the recognizing mechanism between ACCase and herbicides, and further to screen new herbicides.     

Cloning, Expression and Purification of Wheat Acetyl-CoA Carboxylases CT Domain in E.coil

The entire gene of carboxyltransferase(CT) domain of acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACCase) from Chinese Spring wheat(CSW) plastid was cloned firstly,and the 2.3 kb gene was inserted into PET28a+ vector and expressed in E.coil in a soluble state.The (His)6 fusion protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography,and the calculated molecular mass(Mr) was 88000.The results of the sequence analysis indicate that the cloned gene(GeneBank accession No.EU124675) was a supplement and revision of the reported ACCase CT partial cDNA from Chinese Spring wheat plastid.The recombinant protein will be significant for us to investigate the recognizing mechanism between ACCase and herbicides,and further to screen new herbicides.     

白色念珠菌N-肉豆蔻酰基转移酶中药物结合位点的MCSS分析

采用多拷贝同时搜寻方法(MCSS)分析得到了CaNMT活性位点的疏水区域、氢键结合位点和负电性区域. MCSS计算结果显示, CaNMT活性位点有两个疏水性比较强的区域: 一个由Tyr107, Tyr109, Val108, Phe117, Phe123, Ala127, Phe176和Leu337等残基组成; 另一个由Phe115, Phe240和Phe339组成. CaNMT活性位点发现有两个氢键作用区域, 其中Tyr119, His227, Asn392和Leu451是与已有抑制剂的氢键结合位点, Tyr107, Asn175, Thr211和Asp412是新发现的氢键结合位点, 而且在NMT家族中高度稳定, 它们对设计新结构类型的CaNMT抑制剂具有重要作用. Leu451是负电性兼氢键作用位点, 是抑制剂设计时所必需考虑的位点.     

大肠杆菌中高丝氨酸琥珀酰基转移酶的同源模建与对接研究

利用同源模建和分子动力学模拟方法,模建了大肠杆菌中高丝氨酸琥珀酰基转移酶的三维结构.分析了活性位点的组成,从结构上佐证了Cys142而不是Lys47为亲核进攻的残基,并通过与其天然底物琥珀酰-辅酶A的对接研究,从理论上确认了对复合物形成起到重要作用的氨基酸残基.     

Detection of telomerase activity by combination of telomeric repeat amplification protocol and electrochemiluminescence assay

A highly sensitive telomerase detection method that combines telomeric repeat amplification protocol （TRAP） and magnetic beads based electrochemiluminescence （ECL） assay has been developed. Briefly, telomerase recognizes biotinylated telomerase synthesis primer （B-TS） and synthesizes extension products, which then serve as the templates for PCR amplification using B-TS as the forward primer and tris-（2′2′-bipyridyl） ruthenium （TBR） labeled ACX （TBR-ACX） as the reversed primer. The amplified product is captured on streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads and detected by ECL. Telomerase positive HeLa cells were used to validate the feasibility of the method. The experimental results showed down to 10 cancer cells can be detected easily. The method is a useful tool for telomerase activity analysis due to its sensitivity, rapidity, safety, high throughput, and low cost. It can be used for screening a large amount of clinical samples.