水下对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声机理与预报方法*

水下对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声的预报对于水下目标的特征提取和分类识别具有重要意义。由桨叶的旋转引起的湍流场是水下对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声的源场。分述了水下对转螺旋桨湍流边界层脉动、旋转干涉效应和空化效应引发的水动力噪声机制和研究进展,比较了目前工程应用中的3种对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声预报方法的特点。在分析对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声数值预报难点的基础上,综述了对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声计算方法的研究进展,指出间接数值模拟方法是工程中进行对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声预报的有效方法。     

某型电动飞机螺旋桨振动特性实验研究

某型电动飞机采用螺旋桨产生拉力,为了防止螺旋桨工作时共振,利用ES-2-150振动实验系统进行了两叶木质螺旋桨和碳纤维螺旋桨的振动特性实验,采用谐振搜索与驻留方法测量出木质螺旋桨的第一阶固有频率为36.07Hz,碳纤维螺旋桨的第一阶固有频率为73.58Hz。螺旋桨爬升状态转频为39Hz,这与木质螺旋桨的第一阶固有频率非常接近,导致木质螺旋桨在爬升状态出现比较严重的振动故障。因此,某型电动飞机最终选择两叶碳纤维螺旋桨作为其拉力产生装置。     

Computational and dynamic NMR investigation of 2,2-dimesityl-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyltrisilane

The structure and rotational barrier for the mesityl-silicon bond of 2,2-dimesityl-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyltrisilane have been investigated by ¹H- and ¹³C-variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as by density functional theory structural calculations. The calculations show that the lowest energy structure has C₂ symmetry with nonequivalent ortho methyl groups, consistent with the crystal structure and solution NMR. The nonequivalent ortho methyl groups exchange through a C_s transition state with a calculated relative free energy of 11.0 kcal mol⁻¹. The barrier for this rotation found by dynamic NMR is 13.4 ± 0.2 kcal mol⁻¹ at 298 K.     

Control of Axial Chirality by Planar Chirality Based on Optically Active [2.2]Paracyclophane

Optically active X-shaped molecules based on the planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane building block were prepared, in which di(methoxy)terphenyl units were stacked on the central benzene rings. At 25 °C, anisolyl rings freely rotate in solution, while in the crystal form, they are fixed by intramolecular CH–π interactions, thereby leading to the expression of the axial chirality, i.e., propeller chirality was exhibited by the planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane moiety. The X-shaped molecule exhibited good circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) profiles with moderate Φ_PL and a large g_lum value in the order of 10⁻³ at 25 °C, in solution. In contrast, at −120 °C, dual CPL emission with opposite signs was observed. According to the theoretical studies, the rotary motion of the anisolyl units is suppressed in the excited states, and so emission from two isomers could be observed. These results demonstrate that the axial chirality was controlled by the planar chirality, leading ultimately to propeller chirality.     

Cavitation Research and Ship Propeller Design

The role of cavitation research in the design of ship propellers and the influence of research on propeller design is reviewed. The historical development of research on bubble cavitation is an example of a lack of communication between research and design. Research on sheet cavitation is starting now and simplifications such as two dimensional cavitation are being made. It is argued from observations on propellers that the use of two-dimensional cavitaties is not a proper simplification to investigate sheet cavitation. An illustration is also given of the gap between the assessment of the risk of erosion on propeller models and research on erosion. Finally, the simplifications of tip vortex inception and the problems of the inception speed of propellers are discussed.     

海洋结构物摩擦学问题的研究进展

海洋结构物主要包括海上钻井平台、油气开采平台、FPSO、海底输油管线及海上大型储油罐等大型海上结构物.海洋结构物总是处于波浪、海流、风暴、海冰等严峻海洋环境中,并受到海生物污损、海洋腐蚀、磨损等多方面因素相互作用的影响,摩擦学问题无处不在.论文针对海洋平台结构、流体处理及运输设备、定位设备及作业设备四方面的摩擦学问题进行论述,主要介绍了海洋平台结构、管道系统及海水泵、锚链及螺旋桨、钻井套管及电潜泵等海工设备的工作特点,概述了国内外关于这类海工设备的摩擦学问题的研究现状,并对海洋结构物的摩擦学研究重点进行了展望.     

船用复合材料螺旋桨研究进展

复合材料具有比强度高,阻尼性能好及可调整纤维铺层以控制结构变形等优点.复合材料应用于螺旋桨将改善螺旋桨的推进性能和振动特性.通过对国内外复合材料螺旋桨研究成果的回顾、总结和归纳,得出了传统的算法已不满足复合材料螺旋桨的设计和预报要求,复合材料螺旋桨的设计和预报算法需考虑桨叶变形引起的空间流场变化的结论.分析了可借助纤维增强材料所具有的弯扭耦合特性,调整桨叶纤维材料铺层和桨叶结构形式来提高螺旋桨推进效率的规律性.总结了复合材料螺旋桨研究中的关键技术和复合材料螺旋桨设计流程,并指出了复合材料螺旋桨未来研究的趋势.      

某调距导管桨系泊工况水力性能和流激直发声预报

采用经验证的计算流体力学方法,对某艏辅推调距导管桨设计螺距和系泊工况螺距的水动力性能进行了有效预报,并对系泊工况装船桨流激噪声进行了分析。系泊工况下,由于导管桨的抽吸作用在导管外壁近壁面区域存在与导管内部流动方向相反的逆向流动,且导管桨尾流场速度梯度分布不均匀、流动紊乱,此时桨叶与导管的推力之比约为1.2∶1。系泊工况船+桨的瞬态流场脉动信息表明,导管桨各部件噪声源强度均表现出从1倍到4倍叶频依次下降的规律,最强幅值集中在桨叶导边和导管内壁;在远场声源级频谱曲线中轴向测点线谱较高峰值位置体现出导管桨进流流场的流动特性。对比分析该艏辅推整体和各部件宽带声源级指向性,可知旋转部件(桨叶、桨榖)对总噪声级的贡献较大,静止部件是径向测点噪声的主要贡献源。     

Treatment of vortex sheets for the transonic full-potential equation

This paper summarizes a combined analytical-computational technique which models vortex sheets in transonic potential-flow methods. In this approach, the inviscid nature of discontinuities across vortex sheets is preserved by employing the step function to remove singularities at these surfaces. The location and strength of the vortex sheets are determined by satisfying the flow-tangency boundary condition and the vorticity transport equation. The theory is formulated for the general three-dimensional case, but its application is confined to the problem of computing slipstreams behind propellers with free-vortex blading in axisymmetric flows.