INFLUENCE OF SHAMPOO ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN HAIRS1)

头发的弹性和抵抗意外拉断的能力是人们非常关注的指标。为了迎合这一需求,有些厂商推出了具有所谓“强韧”发质功效的洗发水,但其实并不清楚是否真能使头发变“强韧”。为此,针对市场上常见的一种标称具有“强韧”功效的洗发水,通过拉伸力学实验对头发洗护前后的力学性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,用洗发水处理后的头发,屈服应力下降,意味着头发更容易过早进入塑性变形;抗拉强度、最大应变减小,意味着头发抵抗外力拉断的能力下降;杨氏模量下降,说明头发抵抗弹性变形的能力变差。综上,所研究的洗发水对“强韧”发质没有帮助。 关键词: 头发,洗发水,力学性能,强度,韧性     

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基于27种合金钢与铝合金的机械、力学性能，分析对比了3种理论估算疲劳极限方法的估 算结果，发现3种方法中只有两种方法能够比较精确地估算材料的疲劳极限; 当引 入强度系数和应变硬化指数与常规机械与力学性能的关系之后，这两种方法都可借助材料的 常规机械与力学性能估算疲劳极限，估算过程中的限制性条件``高强度钢'应予取消.     

Largely enhanced ductility of immiscible high density polyethylene/polyamide 6 blends via nano‐bridge effect of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Immiscible polymer blends usually exhibit negative deviation in mechanical properties compared with the corresponding pure polymers due to the weak interfacial bonding between the two polymers. Due to the bridge effect of the oriented carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the craze and crack development at the load of stress, CNTs have been proved to be efficient toughening agent for polymers. In this work, functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) have been introduced into immiscible high density polyethylene/polyamide 6 (HDPE/PA6) blends through different sample preparation methods. The mechanical measurements demonstrate that, when the nanocomposite is prepared from the HDPE master batch, the sample exhibits excellent tensile strength and toughness simultaneously. For all the nanocomposites, FMWCNTs tend to migrate and/or maintain in PA6 particles, leading to the variation of the crystallization behavior in PA6 phase. Further results based on morphologies characterization indicate that the intensified interfacial adhesion between HDPE and PA6, which is realized by the nano‐bridge effect of FMWCNTs in the interfaces, is the main reason for the largely improved ductility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微量稀土对奥氏体耐热钢高温力学性能的影响

研究了微量稀土对Cr21Ni11N奥氏体耐热不锈钢高温热塑性及高温持久性能的影响.结果表明:在750～1250℃范围内,稀土显著提高耐热钢的热塑性,消除800℃的塑性低凹区,扩宽安全热加工温度范围近75℃.稀土显著延长耐热钢的高温持久寿命约3～5倍,并提高持久断裂塑性.钢中添加稀土后,其蠕变断裂机制由楔形裂纹为主的机制逐渐转变为空洞裂纹为主的机制,高温持久断口附近的楔形裂纹明显减少,且断口呈典型的韧窝状塑性断口特征.     

Achieving high strength and high ductility in nanostructured metals: Experiment and modelling

Engineering nanostructures in metallic materials such as nanograins and nanotwins can promote plastic performance significantly. Nano/ultrafine-grained metals embedded in coarse grains called bimodal metals and nanotwinned polycrystalline metals have been proved to possess extensively improved yield strength whilst keeping good ductility. This paper will present an experimental study on nanostructured stainless steel prepared by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) with surface impacts of lower strain rate (10 s^?1–10³ s^?1) and higher strain rate (10⁴ s^?1–10⁵ s^?1). Microstructure transition has been observed from the original γ-austenite coarse grains to α′-martensite nanograins with bimodal grain size distribution for lower strain rates to nanotwins in the ultrafine/coarse grained austenite phase for higher strain rates. Meanwhile, we will further address the mechanism-based plastic models to describe the yield strength, strain hardening and ductility in nanostructured metals with bimodal grain size distribution and nanotwinned polycrystalline metals. The proposed theoretical models can comprehensively describe the plastic deformation in these two kinds of nanostructured metals and excellent agreement is achieved between the numerical and experimental results. These models can be utilized to optimize the strength and ductility in nanostructured metals by controlling the size and distribution of nanostructures.     

Damage in fiber bundle models

We introduce a continuous damage fiber bundle model and compare its behavior with that of dry fiber bundles. Several interesting constitutive behaviors, such as plasticity, are found in this model depending on the value of the damage parameter and on the form of the disorder distribution. We compare the constitutive behavior of global load transfer models, obtained analytically, with local load transfer models numerical simulations. The evolution of the damage is studied analyzing the cluster statistics for dry and continous damage fiber bundles. Finally, it is shown that quenched random thresholds enhance damage localization. Received 27 March 2000     

Pinning of cracks in two-dimensional disordered media

We study the statistics of crack pinning in two dimensions by experiments and simulations of directed polymers in random media. Mode I tensile tests on paper samples show a delocalization phenomenon as the notch length is varied if the fraction of cracks pinned to the notch is monitored. This is compared with the behavior of directed polymers in the presence of both an energetically favorable localized pinning center and bulk disorder. An analysis of the crack interface roughness indicates self-affine behavior with a roughness exponent ζ in the proximity of the minimum energy surface value 2/3. Received 4 April 2000 and Received in final form 10 October 2000     

铜-铝扩散焊及拉伸的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了铜-铝扩散焊过程，分析了理想平面铜-铝试件(001)晶面间扩散焊的过渡层厚度，并利用径向分布、键对分析方法分析了在不同的降温速率下过渡层的结构变化.降温速率大时，过渡层保持原有无序结构，降温速率小时，过渡层从无序结构向面心立方结构转变.还对扩散焊后的铜-铝试件进行了拉伸模拟，并与尺寸大小相近的单晶铜和单晶铝的拉伸模拟结果进行比较.结果发现焊接后的强度比单晶铝和单晶铜的强度都要小，最大应变值也小.     

Structural approach to enhance the fracture resistance of high-strength metallic materials

The paper proposes an approach to form (by special heat treatment) a structure and phase composition of martensitic steel that would enhance its ductility in the high-strength state. A correlation is experimentally established between the stability of fracture resistance and ductility in linear and plane stress states. The behavior of the scatterband of the ultimate strength with increase in the degree of ductility is analyzed. The possibility of predicting the ultimate strength from the lower edge of its scatterband is demonstrated with an example of a circular cylindrical shell __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 68–78, August 2006.     

杂质浓度对Zr替位掺杂γ-TiAl合金的结构延性和电子性质的影响

以Zr替代Ti(或Al)掺杂γ-TiAl体系为研究对象, 掺杂浓度(摩尔比)分别为1/54, 1/36, 1/24和1/16. 采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法, 计算研究了Zr掺杂γ-TiAl体系的晶体结构及其稳定性、延性和电子性质等. 结果显示, Zr替位掺杂, 可以改变γ-TiAl基合金的结构对称性. 计算的形成能表明, Zr替代Ti原子会使体系的形成能降低, 而Zr替代Al原子会使体系的形成能增加. 因而, 在掺入γ-TiAl时, Zr更倾向于替代Ti 原子, 但是Zr替代Al原子也具有一定的可能性, 从而会产生多样的掺杂体系, 对于改善合金的性质具有重要意义. 对各个体系轴比的计算与分析表明, 当掺杂浓度为1.85 at%–6.25 at% 时, Zr替代Al原子会使体系的轴比减小、接近于1, 从而改善合金的延性效果明显. 能带结构显示各个Zr掺杂γ-TiAl体系均具有金属导电性. 对电子态密度和布居数的分析表明, Zr替代Al原子后, Zr与其邻近Ti原子的共价键结合强度大为降低, 导致合金体系中的Ti-Al(Zr)键的平均强度明显减弱, 金属键增强, 这是改善γ-TiAl合金延性的重要因素.