Polyethylene Terephthalate Deconstruction Catalyzed by a Carbon-Supported Single-Site Molybdenum-Dioxo Complex

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is selectively depolymerized by a carbon-supported single-site molybdenum-dioxo catalyst to terephthalic acid (PTA) and ethylene. The solventless reactions are most efficient under 1 atmosphere of H₂. The catalyst exhibits high stability and can be recycled multiple times without loss of activity. Waste beverage bottle PET or a PET + polypropylene (PP) mixture (simulating the bottle + cap) proceeds at 260 °C with complete PET deconstruction and quantitative PTA isolation. Mechanistic studies with a model diester, 1,2-ethanediol dibenzoate, suggest the reaction proceeds by initial retro-hydroalkoxylation/β-C−O scission and subsequent hydrogenolysis of the vinyl benzoate intermediate.     

预处理温度对甘油氢解双金属Ir-Re催化剂性能的影响

在生物柴油生产过程中大量副产的甘油是重要的生物质转化平台化合物.通过甘油氢解制备高附加值的1,3-丙二醇是甘油的资源化利用的重要途径,能够显著提高生物柴油产业的经济效益,同时也是探究更复杂的糖醇类化合物氢解的模型反应.因此,甘油氢解制备1,3-丙二醇成为当前学术界的研究热点.通常,以Re或W为助剂修饰的贵金属催化剂是有效的甘油选择性氢解制1,3-丙二醇的催化剂,其中,双金属Ir-Re催化剂是目前最高效的催化剂之一.甘油氢解反应是典型的结构敏感性反应,它的催化性能依赖于双金属催化剂的结构,而后者受制备工艺条件如热处理方式及条件的影响.最近,我们报道了以直接还原法(即浸渍-还原法)制备的Ir-Re催化剂为合金结构,在甘油氢解中表现出更为优越的反应活性及目前报道中最高的1,3-丙二醇生成速率,并提出了可能的双功能反应机理,即催化剂表面的Re-OH酸性位和Ir均为甘油氢解的活性位.本文采用直接还原法制备KIT-6(具有三维有序介孔孔道结构的SiO2)负载的双金属Ir-Re催化剂,进一步研究还原温度对Ir-Re/KIT-6的结构及其催化性能的影响,揭示催化剂表面酸性在甘油氢解反应中的重要作用并阐明其构-效关系.结果显示不同还原温度(400–700 oC)制备的催化剂的比表面积、孔体积及孔径数据基本一致,表明还原温度对Ir-Re/KIT-6的织构性质的影响很小.根据程序升温还原和透射电镜-能量散射点扫描结果可知,不同温度还原后的催化剂表面Ir和Re均以金属态形式存在,同时两者存在直接的相互作用,形成了Ir-Re合金;而漫反射红外图谱上CO吸附峰的红移以及峰形的显著变化也印证了Ir-Re合金结构的形成. TEM结果显示,在400–700oC还原后得到的Ir-Re合金纳米粒子均匀分布于KIT-6上,尺寸基本一致(2.5–2.8 nm),与CO化学吸附结果一致.此外, NH3-程序升温脱附结果表明催化剂的酸量随着还原温度的升高而逐渐增大,但酸强度没有明显变化,这可能是由于高温还原进一步促进了Ir和Re的相互作用,在原子尺度上混合更为均匀所致. Ir-Re催化剂上甘油氢解反应结果显示,随着还原温度由400提高到600 oC,所制催化剂的活性先增加而后趋于稳定.由此可以认为Ir-Re催化性能的差异与Ir分散度和酸强度的关联较小,主要是由于催化剂表面酸量所致.直接关联酸量与反应活性(以反应时间内的平均1,3-丙二醇生成速率表示)可以看到,反应活性随着酸量的增加而线性增大,表明Ir-Re/KIT-6的表面酸量直接影响了甘油氢解反应速率的快慢,即酸位Re-OH直接参与了催化反应.众所周知, Re金属活化H2的能力很弱,而金属Ir在反应中起到催化加氢的作用.实验结果很好地印证了Ir-Re合金催化甘油氢解反应的双功能反应机理,即酸位Re-OH与金属Ir协同参与氢解反应,分别作为甘油吸附位和H2活化中心,因此提高催化剂的表面Re-OH的数量将是进一步提高催化活性的途径之一.总的来说,在400–700 oC还原得到的Ir-Re/KIT-6催化剂具有Ir-Re合金结构.还原温度对催化剂的织构性质、金属纳米粒子的尺寸、Ir的分散度及表面酸强度的影响不大,但还原温度的升高有利于Ir和Re的相互作用,显著提高了催化剂的表面酸量,因而提高催化活性.此外,表面酸量和反应活性的线性关系表明酸位Re-OH参与Ir-Re合金催化甘油氢解反应,印证了双功能反应机理.     

Ir(I)-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenolysis of 3-aryl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones

An enantioselective hydrogenolysis of 3-aryl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones under H₂ has been developed by using Ir(I)/(R)-MeO-Biphep complex as a catalyst. Cyclic diaryl methylamides were obtained in moderate to excellent yields and up to 92% ee.     

Hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of furfural and furfuryl alcohol catalyzed by ruthenium(II) bis(diimine) complexes

The catalytic activity of ruthenium(II) bis(diimine) complexes cis‐[Ru(6,6′‐Cl₂bpy)₂(OH₂)₂](Z)₂ ( 1 , Z = CF₃SO₃; 2 , Z = (3,5‐(CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄B, i.e. BArF) and cis‐[Ru(4,4′‐Cl₂bpy)₂(OH₂)₂](Z)₂ ( 3 , Z = CF₃SO₃; 4 , Z = BArF) for the hydrogenation and/or the hydrogenolysis of furfural (FFR) and furfuryl alcohol (FFA) was investigated. The molecular structures of cis‐[Ru(4,4′‐Cl₂bpy)₂(CH₃CN)₂](CF₃SO₃)₂ ( 3 ′) and dimeric cis‐[(Ru(4,4′‐Cl₂bpy)₂Cl)₂](BArF)₂ ( 5 ) were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The structures are consistent with the anticipated reduction in steric hindrance about the ruthenium centers in comparison with corresponding complexes containing 6,6′‐Cl₂bpy ligands. While compounds 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 are all active and highly selective catalysts for the hydrogenation of FFR to FFA under modest reaction conditions, 3 and 4 showed decreased activity. This is best explained in terms of reduced Lewis acidity of the Ru²⁺ centers and reduced steric hindrance about the metal centers of catalysts 3 and 4 . cis‐[Ru(6,6′‐Cl₂bpy)₂(OH₂)₂](BArF)₂ ( 2 ) also displayed high catalytic efficiency for the hydrogenation of FFA to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. Presumably, this is because coordination of C═C bonds of FFA to the ruthenium center is poorly inhibited by non‐coordinating BArF counterions. Interestingly, cis‐[Ru(6,6′‐Cl₂bpy)₂(OH₂)₂](CF₃SO₃)₂ ( 1 ) showed some catalytic activity in ethanol for the hydrogenolysis of FFA to 2‐methylfuran, albeit with fairly modest selectivity. Nonetheless, these results indicate that ruthenium(II) bis(diimine) complexes need to be further explored as catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of C―O bonds of FFR, FFA, and related compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemoselective hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to 1,5-pentanediol over Ir-MoOx/Si02 catalyst

In this work, MoOx promoted Ir/SiO2 catalysts were prepared and used for the selective hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol （THFA） to 1,5-pentanediol in a continuous flow reactor. The effects of different noble metals （Ir, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh）, supports and Ir contents were screened. Among the investigated catalysts, 4 wt%Ir-MoOx/SiO2 with a Mo/Ir atomic ratio of 0.13 exhibited the best catalytic performance. The synergy between Ix particles and the partially reduced isolated MoOx species attached on them is essential for the excellent catalytic performance of Ix-MoOx/SiO2. The catalyst exhibited a better hydrogenolysis efficiency of THFA with the selectivity of 1,5-pentanediol of 65%-74% at a conversion of THFA of 70%-75% when the initial THFA concentration is ranging from 20 wt% and 40 wt%. And higher system pressure was also in favor of the conversion of THFA. During a stability test, the conversion of THFA and 1,5-pentanediol yield over Ix-MoOz/SiO2 decreased with reaction time, which can be explained by the leaching of Mo species during the reaction.     

Liquid Phase Hydrogenolysis of Biomass‐derived Lactate to 1,2‐Propanediol over Silica Supported Cobalt Nanocatalyst

Liquid phase hydrogenolysis of ethyl lactate to 1,2‐propanediol was performed over silica supporting cobalt catalysts prepared by two different methods: precipitation‐gel (PG) technique and deposition‐precipitation (DP) procedure. The cobalt species (Co₃O₄/cobalt phyllosilicate) present in the corresponding calcined PG and DP catalysts were different as a consequence of the preparation methods, and Co OH Co olation and Si O Co oxolation molecular mechanisms were employed to elucidate the chemical phenomena during the different preparation procedures. In addition, the texture (BET), reduction behavior (TPR and in‐situ XRD), surface dispersion and state of cobalt species (XPS), and catalytic performance differ greatly between the samples. Because of small particle size, high dispersion of cobalt species and facile reducibility, the Co/SiO₂ catalyst prepared by precipitation‐gel method presented a much higher activity than the catalyst prepared by deposition‐precipitation method. Metallic cobalt is assumed to be the catalytically active site for the hydrogenolysis reaction according to the catalytic results of both cobalt samples reduced at different temperatures and the structure changes after reaction.     

基于第一性原理方法研究ReOx在ReOx-Rh/ZrO2和ReOx-Ir/ZrO2催化的甘油氢解反应中的作用机制

采用密度泛函理论研究了ZrO₂负载的Ru基、Rh基以及Re改性的Rh基、Ir基催化剂上甘油氢解生成1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇的热力学过程, 重点考察了ReO_x调变催化剂活性和选择性的作用机制. 结果表明, Ru/ZrO₂和Rh/ZrO₂催化剂上甘油分解经由脱水-加氢反应途径, 1,2-丙二醇的生成是热力学有利过程, 其中Ru基催化剂活性更高. 在Re修饰的Rh基和Ir基催化剂上, 反应遵循直接氢解机理, 其中金属表面解离的氢原子进攻ReO_x团簇上与醇盐紧邻的C-O键是催化甘油转化为丙二醇最核心的步骤. ReO_x-Rh/ZrO₂催化剂上1,2-丙二醇为主要产物, 并伴随1,3-丙二醇的生成, ReO_x的修饰则显著提高了Ir/ZrO₂催化剂上1,3-丙二醇选择性. 与单金属催化剂上发生的间接氢解机理相比, 修饰催化剂上1,3-丙二醇选择性的提高可主要归因于Rh(Ir)-Re协同催化的直接氢解反应过程, 其中羟基化铼官能团有利于末端醇盐中间体的生成. ReO_x-Ir/ZrO₂催化剂上较大的Ir-Re团簇使得末端金属醇盐的立体优选性比次级醇盐更为突出, 从而具有最高的1,3-丙二醇选择性.     

Deoxygenation of Aromatic Ketones Using Transfer Hydrogenolysis with Raney Nickel in 2-Propanol

Aryl ketones are readily deoxygenated to their corresponding aryl alkanes upon treatment with Raney nickel catalyst in boiling 2-propanol.

短孔道Pt/W-s-SBA-15催化剂的合成及甘油催化氢解制1,3-丙二醇性能的研究

合成了孔道平行于短轴方向的W原位掺杂的介孔SBA-15分子筛(W-s-SBA-15), 以其为载体制备了Pt/W-s-SBA-15催化剂, 考察了催化剂中Pt、W负载量变化对甘油氢解制1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PDO)性能的影响. 采用多种手段对催化剂的形貌、活性组分Pt和W的存在状态、催化剂的酸性等性质进行了系统的表征. 催化剂评价结果表明, 随着Pt、W负载量的增加, 甘油的总转化率和液相转化率(CTL)提高, 而1,3-PDO选择性呈先升高后降低的火山型变化趋势. 在Pt负载量为4.0 wt%、W/Si物质的量比为1/480的4Pt/W-s-SBA-15(1/480)催化剂上, 在433 K、H₂压力4.0 MPa、反应时间24 h的条件下, 甘油氢解制1,3-PDO的得率可达49.0%. 根据表征结果, 我们发现在Pt/W-s-SBA-15催化剂上的甘油转化率与Pt活性比表面积直接相关, 而小的Pt粒径、Pt与单分散WO₄之间密切的协同作用, 则有助于提高1,3-PDO的选择性.     

镁铝复合氧化物负载铜催化剂上甘油选择性氢解合成丙二醇

我们通过乙醇溶液浸渍法合成出了具有高分散度金属Cu 的Cu/MgO-Al₂O₃ (Mg/Al 原子比=1/1, 3/1, 4/1)、Cu/MgO 和Cu/Al₂O₃ 等催化剂. 在200℃, 6.0 MPa H₂ 和二氧六环溶剂中, 这些催化剂高选择性地将甘油氢解为1,2-丙二醇(选择性>90%), 而单位表面Cu 原子的甘油转化速率则随催化剂表面碱中心与Cu 原子比例的提高而增大. N₂O 化学吸附-H₂ 程序升温还原实验表明Cu 粒子的本征氢解能力不随其负载量以及载体中的Mg/Al 原子比发生明显改变, 加之碱性MgO-Al₂O₃ 载体本身不催化甘油的转化, 我们推测在甘油氢解反应中金属Cu 粒子与载体界面处的碱中心辅助Cu 粒子活化甘油分子的α 位C-H键, 从而加速甘油脱氢为甘油醛步骤以及甘油氢解反应的进行. CO₂程序升温脱附实验以及对甘油氢解反应中Cu/MgO-Al₂O₃ 催化剂稳定性的考察结果暗示在甘油氢解反应中起主要作用的碱中心是载体表面上与Mg²⁺键连的羟基基团(即B 碱OH^-). 这些对甘油氢解反应中金属中心与碱性中心协同作用的认识对进一步理性设计高效的甘油或其它多元醇分子氢解催化剂具有重要指导意义.