蟾毒配基磺酸化及基于自制串联固相萃取对磺酸化产物富集的研究

关于抗癌活性的蟾蜍二烯内酯的结构修饰化合物已达到100多个。甾体母核3位磺酸化的蟾蜍二烯内酯是从蟾蜍皮中分离得到的一类具有抗癌活性的微量成分,但目前尚无关于蟾蜍二烯内酯磺酸化修饰的报道。该文以沙蟾毒精为例,首次发展了一种高效的3位磺酸化沙蟾毒精的合成方法,对目标产物进行了结构鉴定。基于自制亲水性材料Click TE-Cys,发展了反相/亲水串联固相萃取的反应产物后处理方法,用于磺酸化沙蟾毒精的富集。依此法对总蟾毒配基进行了磺酸化和目标产物的富集及LC-MS定性分析,实现了大量具有潜在抗癌活性的新化合物的制备和富集,为进一步实现高效低毒化合物的筛选提供了物质基础。     

Bufadienolides from the Skin Secretions of the Neotropical Toad Rhinella alata (Anura: Bufonidae): Antiprotozoal Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi

Toads in the family Bufonidae contain bufadienolides in their venom, which are characterized by their chemical diversity and high pharmacological potential. American trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease that affects an estimated 8 million people in tropical and subtropical countries. In this research, we investigated the chemical composition and antitrypanosomal activity of toad venom from Rhinella alata collected in Panama. Structural determination using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy led to the identification of 10 bufadienolides. Compounds identified include the following: 16β-hydroxy-desacetyl-bufotalin-3-adipoyl-arginine ester (1), bufotalin (2), 16β-hydroxy-desacetyl-bufotalin-3-pimeloyl-arginine ester (3), bufotalin-3-pimeloyl-arginine ester (4), 16β-hydroxy-desacetyl-bufotalin-3-suberoyl-arginine ester (5), bufotalin-3-suberoyl-arginine ester (6), cinobufagin-3-adipoyl-arginine ester (7), cinobufagin-3-pimeloyl-arginine ester (8), cinobufagin-3-suberoyl-arginine ester (9), and cinobufagin (10). Among these, three new natural products, 1, 3, and 5, are described, and compounds 1–10 are reported for the first time in R. alata. The antitrypanosomal activity assessed in this study revealed that the presence of an arginyl-diacid attached to C-3, and a hydroxyl group at C-14 in the structure of bufadienolides that is important for their biological activity. Bufadienolides showed cytotoxic activity against epithelial kidney Vero cells; however, bufagins (2 and 10) displayed low mammalian cytotoxicity. Compounds 2 and 10 showed activity against the cancer cell lines MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268.     

MALDI‐MS argininyl bufadienolide esters fingerprint from parotoid gland secretions of Rhinella arenarum: Age,gender, and seasonal variation

In many amphibians, the granular glands can be grouped in special regions forming macroglands. This is the case of toads, characterized by the presence of a pair of parotoid macroglands, strategically located to give protection by poison release in case of attacks. The product secreted consists of a wide variety of chemical compounds including proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, toxic steroidal bufadienolides, and various alkaloids, depending on the species. In this work, using Rhinella arenarum, we have performed, for the first time, the matrix assisted‐ultraviolet laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry characterization of the components of the secretion used as crude material, just suspended in MeOH (or MeCN). The crude sample as a whole (whole suspension) was spotted on the matrix assisted‐ultraviolet laser desorption plate for analysis. Electrospray ionization‐Orbitrap was used for cross‐checking experiments. The pattern of signals obtained at m/z ranges 600 to 800 and 1200 to 1600 could be assigned as the argininyl bufadienolide esters fingerprint characteristic of female and male. Variation patterns for gender (female, male), age (non‐reproductive, reproductive), and season (non‐reproductive, reproductive) are described.     

Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single marker and quality evaluation of Venenum Bufonis from different geographical origins

Bufadienolides are the main bioactive components of Venenum Bufonis (VB) and have been widely used to treat different types of human cancers for decades. The bufadienolide content in VB varies significantly in materials from different geographical origins. In this work, a new strategy for the quality assessment of VB was developed through quantitative analysis of multi‐components by single marker (QAMS). Cinobufagin was selected as the internal reference substance; seven bufadienolides were separated and simultaneously determined based on relative correction factors. The correlation coefficient value (r ≥ 0.9936) between QAMS and the normal external standard method proved the consistency of the two methods. According to the outcomes of 30 batches of VB samples, the contents of the seven bufadienolides were used for further chemometric analysis. All of the samples of VB from various geographical origins were divided into three categories based on hierarchical cluster analysis and radar plot, which indicated the crucial influence of geographical origins on VB. This study showed that QAMS combined with chemometristry could be used to comprehensively evaluate and effectively control the quality of VB from different geographical origins.     

Rapid identification of primary constituents in parotoid gland secretions of the Australian cane toad using HPLC/MS‐Q‐TOF

Toad parotoid gland secretion or toad venom has in recent years been increasingly shown to possess potentially beneficial pharmacological effects; this speculation has drawn much interest centred on elucidating the chemical basis of its multimodal effects. For this purpose, we explored the use of a rapid and accurate analysis method for systemic investigation of the parotoid gland chemistry, when extracted from Australian cane toads. Full‐scan data of cane toad venom extract was acquired using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupole–time of flight mass spectrometry system (HPLC/MS‐Q‐TOF), with multiple ionization sources (ESI and APCI) in positive and negative mixed modes. By measuring the exact mass differences between the theoretical and measured mass of each assumed compound, we confirmed the presence of 12 key constituents. The present results demonstrate that the use of HPLC/MS‐Q‐TOF with multiple ionization sources delivers exemplary selectivity and sensitivity, allowing for the rapid and accurate identification of constituents within cane toad venom. This paves the way for this technique to be used in future routine screening of components within the genus Bufo and for key analytes too, then reliably assessed for any purported beneficial (clinic) properties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and evaluation of mono-, di- and triphenyl-treated plates for the high-performance thin-layer chromatographic analysis of bufadienolides inBufonis venenum

Summary The retention and selectivity behaviour of bufadienolides (cinobufagin, resibufogenin, bufalin) inBufonis venenum have been studied by high-performance thin-layer chromatography on phenyl-modified silica plates, prepared from solutions of phenyldimethylethoxysilane, diphenylmethylethoxysilane or triphenylethoxysilane in toluene. Using various acetonitrile-distilled or methanol-distilled water mixtures as eluents, the bufadienolides have been separated on all the plates studied, but with different degrees of resolution. The selectivity for the separation of cinobufagin, resibufogenin, and bufalin between solutes and stationary phases is discussed. It is shown that monophenyl and diphenyltreated plates are more suitable for the selective separation of cinobufagin, resibufogenin, and bufalin inBufonis venenum than triphenyl-treated plates.