The Total Synthesis of Inostamycin A

The first total synthesis of inostamycin A is described. With efficient and stereoselective synthetic routes to aldehyde 3 and ketone 4 developed through asymmetric aldol reactions, addition reactions and reduction, and with chiral building blocks, the two large fragments were coupled with remarkable anti stereoselectivity and efficiency by aldol condensation. The coupling reaction provided the complete carbon skeleton with all the requisite functional groups and stereogenic centers for inostamycin A. The two quaternary carbons at C20 and C16 of ketone 4 were elaborated in a highly stereocontrolled manner by addition reactions of the transmetallated 5 to ethyl ketone 6 and the transmetallated 7 to methyl ketone 8 , respectively, in which the use of LaCl₃ for transmetallation was critical for high coupling efficiency.     

毒死蜱分子印迹聚合物微球的制备及结合特性的研究

采用无皂乳液聚合法制得的微米级聚苯乙烯微球为种球,以毒死蜱为模板分子,通过单步溶胀聚合法制备了单分散分子印迹聚合物微球（MIPMs）。通过紫外光谱研究了MIPMs的结合机理和识别特性;利用红外光谱分析MIPMs的结合位点;运用扫描电子显微镜对微球进行形貌分析,MIPMs的粒径分布为0.5～3 μm（UMIPMs为2～3 μm）,其表面粗糙具有一定层次孔径分布的多孔性聚合物,有利于底物和结合位点的接触,从而获得高负载量和高效识别性;Scatchard 分析表明MIPMs在识别毒死蜱过程中存在两类结合位点,计算得高亲和性位点的解离常数为 KD1 = 0.526 mmol/L,最大表观结合量Bmax1 = 35.91 μmol/ g,低亲和位点的解离常数为 KD2 = 2.19 mmol/L,最大表观结合量Bmax1 = 83.87 μmol/g。     

Toward single-step production of functional electrochemical devices using 3D printing: Progress,challenges, and opportunities

Sensors and devices that incorporate 3D printed components have gained significant attention because they are easily customized and rapidly prototyped, can produce devices with increasingly complex geometries that are impossible to make using traditional techniques, and can produce high-quality analytical sensors and energy storage devices using inexpensive components. One additional advantage of 3D printing is that a designer can send the design file of a functioning device anywhere in the world over the internet, and the device can be printed at the point of use. This potentially makes 3D printing a viable option for producing low-cost devices for sensing applications in low-resource and difficult to reach environments. Here, we review recent examples where 3D-printing has been used to fabricate ready-to-use electrochemical systems and highlight challenges and opportunities for future development. We place special emphasis on electrochemical systems for energy storage and chemical sensing.     

Factors in the Single-Step Bulk Process Preparation of a Triple Janus Emulsion

Some factors in the preparation of triple Janus emulsions in a single-step bulk process were investigated using optical microscopy. The emulsions consisted of water, O.097 weight fraction, a commercial surfactant, Tween 80, 0.03 weight fraction, a vegetable oil (VO), 0.18 weight fraction, and a silicone oil (SO), 0.72 weight fraction. A surprising connection was found between the state of the compounds prior to mixing and the final morphology as well as stability of the emulsion. Separately adding the compounds or with the surfactant dissolved in the vegetable oil, prior to mixing, did not result in a Janus emulsion. Instead, simpler emulsions with limited stability were attained even with prolonged mixing. Storing the compounds together without mixing for two days followed by mixing resulted in a Janus emulsion in which the (VO + SO)/W/VO drops were more sparsely populated with Janus drops, and emulsion stability was limited. Finally, preparing the emulsion from the aqueous surfactant solution and the two oils gave a (VO + SO)/W/VO/SO emulsion with the W drops heavily populated by Janus drops and with improved stability.      

Organic Chemistry as a Language and the Implications of Chemical Linguistics for Structural and Retrosynthetic Analyses

Methods of computational linguistics are used to demonstrate that a natural language such as English and organic chemistry have the same structure in terms of the frequency of, respectively, text fragments and molecular fragments. This quantitative correspondence suggests that it is possible to extend the methods of computational corpus linguistics to the analysis of organic molecules. It is shown that within organic molecules bonds that have highest information content are the ones that 1) define repeat/symmetry subunits and 2) in asymmetric molecules, define the loci of potential retrosynthetic disconnections. Linguistics‐based analysis appears well‐suited to the analysis of complex structural and reactivity patterns within organic molecules.     

Single-step scanner-based digital image correlation (SB-DIC) method for large deformation mapping in rubber

The incremental digital image correlation (DIC) method has been applied in the past to determine strain in large deformation materials like rubber. This method is, however, prone to cumulative errors since the total displacement is determined by combining the displacements in numerous stages of the deformation. In this work, a method of mapping large strains in rubber using DIC in a single-step without the need for a series of deformation images is proposed. The reference subsets were deformed using deformation factors obtained from the fitted mean stress-axial stretch ratio curve obtained experimentally and the theoretical Poisson function. The deformed reference subsets were then correlated with the deformed image after loading. The recently developed scanner-based digital image correlation (SB-DIC) method was applied on dumbbell rubber specimens to obtain the in-plane displacement fields up to 350% axial strain. Comparison of the mean axial strains determined from the single-step SB-DIC method with those from the incremental SB-DIC method showed an average difference of 4.7%. Two rectangular rubber specimens containing circular and square holes were deformed and analysed using the proposed method. The resultant strain maps from the single-step SB-DIC method were compared with the results of finite element modeling (FEM). The comparison shows that the proposed single-step SB-DIC method can be used to map the strain distribution accurately in large deformation materials like rubber at much shorter time compared to the incremental DIC method.     

新型高能量密度化合物3,6-双(3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑-1)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物的性能预估及合成路线设计

采用C++自编译程序及组合原理,设计并筛选出一种未见报道的新型富氮类高能量密度化合物-3,6-双(3,5.二硝基.1,2,4-三唑.1)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物,用B3LYP法,在6-31G**基组水平上得到该化合物全优化构型;在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱;通过键级分析得到热解引发键的键离解能(BDE);采用Monte-Carlo 方法预估了密度;设计等键等电子反应计算了生成焓;运用Kamlet-Jacobs公式预测爆速、爆压和爆热;运用Keshavarz 等推导的预估撞击感度H50的公式预测了撞击感度性能;并利用逆合成分析法设计其合成路线.结果表明:该化合物存在8个强吸收峰,校正后的热解引发键的BDE为264KJ·mol-1,稳定性较优;密度1.955 g·cm-3、生成焓901.72 kJ·mol-1、爆速9191.48 m·s-1、爆压39.32 GPa、爆热6705.15 j·g-1;撞击感度H50为55.85cm,低于黑索金(RDX)和奥克托今(HMx);以上性能均达到了高能量密度化合物的标准,且该化合物设计合成路线步骤较少、原料易得,有望得到广泛应用.     

Enantioselective Chemo- and Biocatalysis: Partners in Retrosynthesis

Recent developments of stereoselective biocatalytic and chemocatalytic methods are discussed. The review provides a guide to the use of biocatalytic methods in the area of chemical synthesis with focused attention on retrosynthetic considerations and analysis. The transformations presented are organized according to bond disconnections and attendant synthetic methods. The review is expected to lead to better understanding of the characteristics and distinctions of the two complementary approaches. It depicts for researchers in bio- and chemocatalysis a road map of challenges and opportunities for the evolution (and at times revolution) in chemical synthesis.     

机器学习设计单步逆向合成反应的研究进展

在逆向合成分析的过程中,对特定的目标分子设计单步逆向合成反应是探寻最优有机合成路线的关键环节。随着机器学习（Machine Learning）研究的兴起,很多研究者开始尝试利用机器学习方法设计单步逆向合成反应。相关研究主要集中在两方面：1）研究化合物分子输入方法;2）基于特定的分子输入,研究各类单步逆向合成反应预测模型的构建方法。文章首先综述了分子输入的三种主流方法;然后分别分析了基于这三种分子输入方法构建的单步逆向合成反应预测模型的研究实例;之后,文章总结了当前机器学习方法设计单步逆向合成反应研究中存在的问题,并给出了解决问题的思路;最后,对机器学习设计单步逆向合成反应的前景做出展望。     

Glass capillary SCOT columns by a single-step coating method

A single-step coating method for the preparation of glass capillary SCOT columns is described. It is reproducible and less time-consuming than the well-known two-step coating procedures. Other methods attempted are discussed briefly. Both the flame ionization and electron capture detectors could be used in conjunction with temperature programming. The separations achieved with an “activity mixture”, phenols and phenolic acids, illustrate the resolution obtained. The columns are suitable for quantitative determinations and a comparison is made with a conventional packed column.