H2S gas sensor based on integrated resonant dual-microcantilevers with high sensitivity and identification capability

Detection of trace-level hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas is of great importance whether in industrial production or disease diagnosis. This research presents a novel H₂S gas sensor based on integrated resonant dual-microcantilevers which can identify and detect trace-level H₂S in real-time. The sensor consists of two integrated resonant microcantilever sensors with different functions. One cantilever sensor can identify H₂S by outputting positive frequency shift signals, while the other cantilever sensor will detect H₂S as a normally used cantilever sensor with negative frequency shifts. Combined the two cantilever sensors, the proposed gas sensor can distinguish H₂S from a variety of common gases, and the detection limit to H₂S of the sensor is as sensitive as below 1 ppb.     

Micro/Nanoengineered α-Fe2O3 Nanoaggregate Conformably Enclosed by Ultrathin N-Doped Carbon Shell for Ultrastable Lithium Storage and Insight into Phase Evolution Mechanism

The Fe-based transition metal oxides are promising anode candidates for lithium storage considering their high specific capacity, low cost, and environmental compatibility. However, the poor electron/ion conductivity and significant volume stress limit their cycle and rate performances. Furthermore, the phenomena of capacity rise and sudden decay for α-Fe₂O₃ have appeared in most reports. Here, a uniform micro/nano α-Fe₂O₃ nanoaggregate conformably enclosed in an ultrathin N-doped carbon network (denoted as M/N-α-Fe₂O₃@NC) is designed. The M/N porous balls combine the merits of secondary nanoparticles to shorten the Li⁺ transportation pathways as well as alleviating volume expansion, and primary microballs to stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interface. Furthermore, the ultrathin carbon shell favors fast electron transfer and protects the electrode from electrolyte corrosion. Therefore, the M/N-α-Fe₂O₃@NC electrode delivers an excellent reversible capacity of 901 mA h g⁻¹ with capacity retention up to 94.0 % after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g⁻¹. Notably, the capacity rise does not happen during cycling. Moreover, the lithium storage mechanism is elucidated by ex situ XRD and HRTEM experiments. It is verified that the reversible phase transformation of α↔γ occurs during the first cycle, whereas only the α-Fe₂O₃ phase is reversibly transformed during subsequent cycles. This study offers a simple and scalable strategy for the practical application of high-performance Fe₂O₃ electrodes.     

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

Dimethyl furan-2, 5-dicarboxylate (DMFDCA) is a valuable biomass-derived chemical that is an ideal alternative to fossil-derived terephthalic acid as a monomer for polymers. The one-step oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to DMFDCA is of practical significance. It not only shortens the reaction pathway but also avoids the separation process of intermediates; thus, reducing cost. In this work, non-noble bimetallic catalysts supported on N-doped porous carbon (CoMn@NC) were synthesized via a one-step co-pyrolysis procedure using different pyrolysis temperatures and proportions of metal precursors and additives. We employed the prepared CoMn@NC catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of HMF under mild reaction conditions to obtain DMFDCA. High-yield DMFDCA was obtained by screening the prepared catalysts and optimizing the reaction conditions, including the strength and amount of the base, as well as the reaction temperature. The optimized yield of DMFDCA was 85% over the Co₃Mn₂@NC-800 catalyst after 12 h at 50 ℃ using ambient-pressure oxygen. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using a variety of characterization techniques, the factors affecting the performance of each catalyst were investigated, and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and performance of the prepared catalysts was elucidated. A porous structure with a high surface area had a positive effect on mass transfer efficiency. Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and atomically dispersed Mn were coordinated to N-doped carbon to form M―N_x (where M = Co or Mn). Based on the Mott-Schottky effect, there was significant electron transfer between each metal and the N-doped carbon, additionally, the metal NPs supplied electrons to the carbon atoms. The electron-deficient metal site in the pyridinic N-rich carbon was beneficial for the activation of HMF and oxygen. The activation of oxygen produced reactive oxygen species (such as superoxide radical anions) to ensure high selectivity to DMFDCA through dehydrogenative oxidation of the hemiacetal intermediate and hydroxymethyl group of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-furoate. The existence of disordered and defective carbons increased the number of active sites. Subsequently, we performed a series of control experiments. Based on our current experimental results and previous studies, we propose a simple mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to DMFDCA. The catalyst was stable, its performance decreased slightly after two cycles, and it was tolerant to SCN⁻ ions and resistant against N or S poisoning. Furthermore, the use of this catalytic system can be expanded to various substituted aromatic alcohols, such as benzyl alcohols with different substituents, furfuryl alcohol, and heterocyclic alcohols. Simultaneously, the product type was further extended from methyl esters to ethyl esters with a high yield when the substrate reacted with ethanol. In conclusion, this catalytic system can be applied in the production of carboxylic esters for polymers.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon‐Encapsulated MoO2 Nanobelts as a High‐Capacity and Stable Host for Lithium‐Ion Storage

N‐doped mesoporous carbon‐capped MoO₂ nanobelts (designated as MoO₂@NC) were synthesized and applied to lithium‐ion storage. Owing to the stable core–shell structural framework and conductive mesoporous carbon matrix, the as‐prepared MoO₂@NC shows a high specific capacity of around 700 mA h g⁻¹ at a current of 0.5 A g⁻¹, excellent cycling stability up to 100 cycles, and superior rate performance. The N‐doped mesoporous carbon can greatly improve the conductivity and provide uninhibited conducting pathways for fast charge transfer and transport. Moreover, the core–shell structure improved the structural integrity, leading to a high stability during the cycling process. All of these merits make the MoO₂@NC to be a suitable and promising material for lithium ion battery.     

Sc,Ti,V修饰B/N掺杂单缺陷石墨烯的储氢研究

3d过渡金属修饰是改善石墨烯储氢性能的最有效途径, 但仍存在金属团聚和H₂解离导致难以脱附的问题. 提出了B/N掺杂单缺陷石墨烯(BMG/NMG)的策略来避免以上两个问题. 密度泛函理论计算结果表明, N掺杂可以使Sc, Ti, V与石墨烯的结合能提高3~4倍, B掺杂可以将Sc与石墨烯的结合能提高3倍. Sc/BMG和Sc/NMG吸附的第一个H₂不会解离. Sc/BMG中Sc吸附5个H₂, 平均氢分子结合能为-0.18～-0.43 eV, 并且可以通过在同侧锚定多个Sc原子形成Sc/C₃B₂五元环增加H₂吸附位点. Sc/NMG中每个Sc吸附6个H₂, 平均氢分子结合能为-0.17～-0.29 eV, 还可以通过在异侧修饰形成Sc/N₃/Sc单元进一步提高储氢能力. 研究结果将为设计基于3d过渡金属修饰碳材料的储氢材料提供理论基础.     

Nb掺杂调控CoSeS多级纳米结构用于增强析氢反应

电催化析氢(HER)是清洁制氢的一种有效途径,对于氢经济和氢能产业的发展具有重要意义.金属掺杂是提高电催化剂本征活性的有效方法,导电基底的采用也有利于电荷传输和催化性能的整体提高.尽管已有关于硒化物作为HER催化剂的相关报道,但是合成条件有限、导电性、本征活性的影响,其电催化性能仍有提升的空间.此外,在酸性电解液中的腐蚀和氧化极大限制了催化剂性能的发挥.基于此,本文以氮掺杂碳球为载体,采用金属Nb掺杂、非金属硫硒化物协同以及表面碳包覆的三重策略,将掺杂元素Nb和活性位中心元素Co封装到氮掺杂碳纳米球内并进行连续的硫硒化反应,成功构筑多级纳米结构(Nb-CoSeS@NC)以提高其电催化析氢性能.碳球可为活性位的生长和分散提供足够的空间,同时有效防止活性金属的腐蚀和分解,并阻止金属纳米颗粒的团聚.硫化过程实现了非金属硫元素的掺杂,对于提高硒化物的催化活性和导电性都有重要作用.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及电催化性能测试,详细研究了Nb-CoSeS@NC独特的纳米结构和电催化制氢性能,并分析了构效关系.XRD结果发现,引入Nb后Co9Se8和CoSe的特征峰移向更高的角度,表明其晶格体积的减小,有助于电荷传输.同时,氮掺杂碳球(NC)在26°可以观察到无定型碳的峰,而石墨碳的D带和G带强度比约为1.05,均表明NC中缺陷的存在,这可以进一步提高碳材料的导电性.SEM和TEM表征显示,催化剂为直径120 nm的均匀的纳米核壳结构,壳层约为30 nm,无明显的团聚和破碎,这是催化剂具有高稳定性的重要原因.表面的褶皱保证了大的活性比表面积,可以大大增加活性位点的数量.同时,催化剂与NC之间的紧密结合可以降低电子传输的阻抗进而改善其稳定性和析氢性能.分析高分辨率的TEM结果发现,Nb掺杂后,Nb-CoSeS@NC中Co₉Se₈的(222)晶面由0.301 nm减小至0.184 nm,与XRD结果相符.XPS表征揭示了引入Nb之后的电子效应.与CoSeS@NC相比,Nb的掺杂使Co 2p向更低的结合能移动,而Se 3d则移向高结合能移动,这是由于Nb导致了更强的电子相互作用.在0.5 M的H₂SO₄中测试催化剂的析氢性能,Nb-CoSeS@NC仅需115 mV的过电位便可以实现10 mA cm^-2的电流密度,Tafel斜率为43 mV dec^-1,优于CoSeS@NC等其他对比样品,且优于大多数掺杂型硒化物电催化剂.经过12 h稳定性测试,电流密度未见明显降低,表明该多级结构催化剂的优异稳定性.Nb-CoSeS@NC提高活性可归因为Nb的掺杂增强了催化剂的电子相互作用,有助于提高的其本征导电性.Nb、Co正离子可以形成氢化物-受体中心,可能会削弱S-H键和Se-H键,并促进H-H键的形成,因此,多元掺杂产生的协同效应可以有效促进HER过程.此外,坚固的氮掺杂纳米碳壳为活性位点的分散提供了足够的空间和优异的电荷传输性能,同时降低了金属活性位腐蚀的可能性.     

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯(DMFDCA)这一生物质衍生的增值化学品是石油基聚合物单体对苯二甲酸(TPA)的理想替代品。本研究采用一步共热解法合成了两种廉价金属修饰的氮掺杂多孔碳催化剂CoMn@NC,并将其用于5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)在温和条件下的需氧氧化。由Co₃Mn₂@NC-800催化HMF在50 ℃和常压氧气的条件下反应12 h后,得到产率为85%的DMFDCA。多孔催化剂的高比表面积提高了传质效率。Co纳米粒子(NPs)和呈原子级分散的Mn与掺杂在碳中的氮配位形成M―N_x。富含吡啶氮的碳基体中的缺电子金属位点有利于HMF和氧的活化。氧形成的超氧自由基阴离子的存在确保了半缩醛中间体和5-(羟基甲基)-2-糠酸甲酯(HMMF)的羟甲基的脱氢氧化,从而高选择性得到DMFDCA。该催化剂性能稳定,可适用于各种取代芳醇。该催化体系具有用于生产聚合物单体羧基酯的应用潜力。     

掺氮高荧光碳点的一步法制备及对痕量Hg(Ⅱ)离子的选择性检测

采用一步水热法制备了一种水溶性的、具有良好荧光性能的掺氮碳量子点(N-碳点),其尺寸大小均匀,约为7 nm。N-碳点的荧光强度随N的掺杂量、水热反应温度、溶液的pH值而改变。在最佳反应条件下所制备的N-碳点的荧光量子产率高达24.4%。该N-碳点作为一种简单、低成本的荧光探针用于检测痕量Hg²⁺,具有高选择性和高灵敏度的特点,其最低检测极限可达到0.02 μmol·L^-1 (4.012 ng)。     

氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的制备及其生长机理

本文采用电弧放电法,通过阳极棒与不锈钢片的共蒸发,制备了氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管。借助扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、场发射高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）及其附带能量色散X射线（EDX）光谱仪和电子能量损失谱（EELS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等表征方法,对产物的形貌、结构和组成进行表征。表征结果表明,氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的长度在640~835nm之间,其内径在23~35nm之间,外径在28~47nm之间;且在每一节“竹节”与另一节“竹节”的连接处形成的内腔中均有一个黑色纳米颗粒,其直径尺寸以及产物中的氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的含量均与熔化、蒸发的不锈钢片的面积有关。本文还对氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的生长机理进行了简单的探讨。     

中空核壳结构Ni1.2Co0.8P@N-C钠离子电池负极材料的制备及拉曼研究

本文设计制备了一种新型的氮掺杂碳包覆镍钴双金属磷化物中空核壳结构纳米立方体(Ni_1.2Co_0.8P@N-C)作为钠离子电池负极材料. 该材料以镍钴类普鲁士蓝(PBA)纳米粒子为模板,先后经水热法、磷化法和高温碳化处理后合成. 将其作为活性材料应用在钠离子电池中,该材料展现出优异的循环稳定性,当以100 mA·g^-1的电流密度循环至200圈时,该材料的库仑效率保持在99.3%. 进一步通过对不同电位下Ni_1.2Co_0.8P@N-C材料中的氮掺杂碳进行原位拉曼光谱测试,结果显示钠离子在氮掺杂的碳壳中的脱嵌行为具有较大程度的可逆性,研究结果对钠离子电池充放电过程的后续电化学研究提供了有价值的信息.