Assessing G4-Binding Ligands In Vitro and in Cellulo Using Dimeric Carbocyanine Dye Displacement Assay

G-quadruplexes (G4) are the most actively studied non-canonical secondary structures formed by contiguous repeats of guanines in DNA or RNA strands. Small molecule mediated targeting of G-quadruplexes has emerged as an attractive tool for visualization and stabilization of these structures inside the cell. Limited number of DNA and RNA G4-selective assays have been reported for primary ligand screening. A combination of fluorescence spectroscopy, AFM, CD, PAGE, and confocal microscopy have been used to assess a dimeric carbocyanine dye B6,5 for screening G4-binding ligands in vitro and in cellulo. The dye B6,5 interacts with physiologically relevant DNA and RNA G4 structures, resulting in fluorescence enhancement of the molecule as an in vitro readout for G4 selectivity. Interaction of the dye with G4 is accompanied by quadruplex stabilization that extends its use in primary screening of G4 specific ligands. The molecule is cell permeable and enables visualization of quadruplex dominated cellular regions of nucleoli using confocal microscopy. The dye is displaced by quarfloxin in live cells. The dye B6,5 shows remarkable duplex to quadruplex selectivity in vitro along with ligand-like stabilization of DNA G4 structures. Cell permeability and response to RNA G4 structures project the dye with interesting theranostic potential. Our results validate that B6,5 can serve the dual purpose of visualization of DNA and RNA G4 structures and screening of G4 specific ligands, and adds to the limited number of probes with such potential.     

Enantioselective Diels–Alder reactions with left-handed G-quadruplex DNA-based catalysts

Since the discovery of left-handed G-quadruplex (L-G4) structure formed by natural DNA, there has been a growing interest in its potential functions. This study utilised it to catalyse enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions, considering its different optical rotation compared to an ordinary G4. It was determined that when L-G4 was used with a combination of copper(II) ions, there was a good enantioselectivity (?52% ee) without further addition of ligands. When further consideration was given by adding G4 ligands, G4 was further stabilised, even obtaining a better enantioselectivity (up to ?80% ee). Moreover, when using ligands that have regulatory effects on G4, the ee value can be adjusted. In this work, a minimal left-handed G4 was reported. A follow-up study was also conducted, which recovers that the minimal left-handed G4 remains its catalytic effect and enantioselectivity, but is not so effective as the former case. This indicates that a complete G4 structure is relatively conducive to chiral catalysis.     

DNA G-四链体的结构完整性对催化性质的影响

DNA酶中的G-四链体-血红素(G4-hemin)DNA酶结构具有较高的设计性和化学稳定性,因此格外受研究者关注.G-平面作为辅酶因子hemin的结合位点,不仅提供大π平面与hemin结合,而且其平面上的G碱基还可以充当近端配位基团与hemin进行配位.因此,研究G-平面完整性在G4-DNA酶体系中的作用具有重要意义.本文设计了一系列含有空位的G4(G-vacancy,GV)及G-三链体,通过“鸟嘌呤类似物插入”策略实现G-平面完整性以及DNA酶催化活性的恢复.结果表明,末端G-平面完整性是G4-DNA酶具有催化活性的必要条件,且其能够充当近端配位基团与末端碱基协同激活G4-DNA酶.考虑到hemin会选择性地结合于G4的3’-端平面,本文以含有3’-端空位的G4以及G-三链体为模型进行DNA酶的构建.结果表明,相较于末端完整的G4-hemin DNA酶,末端不完整的G4结构所形成的DNA酶催化活性很低.为了进一步验证该平面完整性的重要性,本文提出了“鸟嘌呤衍生物插入”策略,即将鸟嘌呤衍生物(无环鸟苷和鸟苷)插入G-空位以恢复G-平面的完整性.通过圆二色光谱和紫外熔解实验,发现末端平面完整性的缺失会使圆二色特征峰信号和G4结构热稳定性下降,而鸟嘌呤碱基类似物的加入则可以使特征峰信号以及热稳定性得到一定程度的恢复,表明鸟嘌呤碱基类似物的加入确实使G-平面完整性得到恢复.与此同时,随着鸟嘌呤碱基类似物浓度的增加,G4-hemin DNA酶活性逐渐增强,最终恢复至与完整G4一样的活性.在以G-三链体为模型的实验中,本文通过另一条富G序列与G-三链体进行结合,形成复合的(3+1)型G4结构,最终实现了DNA酶活性的恢复.同时,在3’-G-平面末端增加了激活碱基(dA或dTC),结果表明,即使G-平面不完整,末端碱基依旧能够激活DNA酶,但酶活性整体弱于完整G4时的活性.同样,“鸟嘌呤衍生物插入”策略可以使酶活性得到恢复.本文系列实验充分说明了末端碱基可与G-平面形成协同作用,与hemin的铁中心共同形成六配位关系,加速催化中间体生成,进而增强催化活性.有趣的是,通过设计Holliday junction结构研究发现,“鸟嘌呤衍生物插入”策略仅适用于平行G4结构.G-空位的存在不仅降低了G4结构的稳定性,而且降低了其与hemin间的亲和力,二者均是造成G4-DNA酶催化能力下降的主要因素.总之,本文证明了3’-端G-平面的完整性是G4-DNA酶实现其催化能力必不可少的因素,对理解末端G-平面在G4-DNA酶中的作用具有重要的参考意义.     

A Label-Free Fluorometric Glutathione Assay Based on a Conformational Switch of G-quadruplex

In this paper, a label-free fluorescent method for glutathione (GSH) detection based on a thioflavin T/G-quadruplex conformational switch is developed. The sensing assay is fabricated depending on the virtue of mercury ions to form a thymine–thymine mismatch, which collapses the distance between two ssDNA and directs the guanine-rich part to form an intra-strand asymmetric split G-quadruplex. The newly formed G-quadruplex efficiently reacts with thioflavin T and enhances the fluorescent intensity. In the presence of GSH, Hg²⁺ is absorbed, destroying the G-quadruplex formation with a significant decrease in fluorescence emission. The proposed fluorescent assay exhibits a linear range between 0.03–5 μM of GSH with a detection limit of 9.8 nM. Furthermore, the efficacy of this method is examined using human serum samples to detect GSH. Besides GSH, other amino acids are also investigated in standard samples, which display satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity. Above all, we develop a method with features including potentiality, facility, sensitivity, and selectivity for analyzing GSH for clinical diagnostics.     

靶向抑制拓扑异构酶和端粒酶的钌配合物研究进展

金属配合物抗肿瘤研究,尤其是铂类药物,已取得了相对令人瞩目的成功,但同时也面临着包括耐药性和毒副作用等诸多问题。近年来钌配合物作为新的抗癌药物引起了人们的注意。在非铂系药物中,金属钌配合物是最有前途的抗癌药物之一,国际上普遍认为钌和钌的配合物属于低毒性,容易吸收并在体内很快排泄。本文将着重介绍钌配合物与DNA结合后进一步引发的细胞内核酶活性抑制研究,从新的角度来诠释钌配合物的抗肿瘤研究最新进展。     

基于G-四链体结构多态性的核酸纳米技术

G-四链体是由富G核酸形成的独特四链螺旋结构,区别于遵循A-T、G-C碱基互补配对原则形成的传统Watson-Crick双链结构.基于G-四链体的特异分子识别特性,能够引导纳米粒子的有序组装、赋予纳米器件以刺激一响应功能,使得核酸纳米技术领域的内容更丰富多样.本文介绍了G-四链体的结构多态性,从纳米材料组装和纳米器件设...     

基于菁染料响应G-四链体结构变化的半胱氨酸检测探针

半胱氨酸是生物体中起着重要作用的还原性氨基酸,其在体内的含量变化可能会诱发机体发生多种病变。因此高选择性、高灵敏度和低成本的半胱氨酸检测技术具有重要意义。目前,高效的半胱氨酸检测方法有毛细管电泳、质谱、高效液相色谱和表面增强拉曼散射等,这些方法往往需要复杂的样品制备和精细的实验仪器,可能会限制其在半胱氨酸检测中的应用。本文利用富含鸟嘌呤的DNA链序列在钾、钠等金属离子诱导下形成对汞离子产生特殊响应的二级结构,而菁染料能够对DNA结构进行识别,并由此引起其超分子聚集形式的改变,致使其紫外和可见光谱性质随之变化。最终以Hg²⁺调控G-四链体与菁染料(ETC)组建的传感器,实现对溶液体系中半胱氨酸高选择性的快速可视化检测。