西南山地煤矿区耕地土壤-农作物重金属富集及健康风险评价

为了解西南某典型山地煤矿区周边农田土壤、农作物重金属的富集情况及对当地人群健康的影响程度,采集矿区周边农田土壤样品和对应的农作物样品,测定重金属Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb的含量。运用Nemero指数法、潜在风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染程度进行评价;采用靶标危害系数法(THQ)评价农作物重金属对人体的健康风险。结果显示,Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb分别是背景值的1.81、1.90、2.89、1.30、0.86倍,处于轻度污染级别,轻微危害程度。农作物重金属Cr、Pb和As含量的超标情况较严重,Zn的含量超标相对较小。各农作物富集的重金属对人体的健康风险大小为：高粱>玉米>白菜>葱>辣椒。农作物重金属对儿童健康的危害均达到了慢性中毒;对成人健康的影响,高粱处于慢性中毒,其它农作物重金属处于产生较大影响的危害程度。农作物重金属与土壤重金属的相关性分析表明,农作物重金属的含量与土壤重金属全量并无线性关系;各重金属在农作物中的转移能力不同;Pb,As在农作物中的转移能力较大,而Cr相对较小。鉴于矿区重金属的富集情况,应尽快采取修复治理措施,为保证当地人群健康,建议当地居民不再食用和种植富集重金属严重的高粱、玉米农作物。     

The enormity of the zinc deficiency problem and available solutions; an overview

The societal cost of micronutrient deficiency (MND) or the “hidden hunger” is in millions of dollars/year, reducing the GDP of some countries by as much as 11%. Zn is an important micronutrient for both plants and animals. An estimated 17% of the world population, or around 1.1 billion people, are at the risk of zinc (Zn) deficiency. The deficiency has been related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, stunted growth, premature deaths, immune system dysfunctions, neuro-behavioral disorders, and recently with the failure to recover from COVID-19. These health risks associated with Zn deficiency have compelled FAO and WHO to recommend Zn fortification of diet. Correcting Zn deficiency is a challenge due to several reasons. Close to half of the agricultural soils are Zn deficient, and chemical Zn fertilizers are costly and ineffective. Developing Zn-rich crops through plant breeding and genetic engineering is challenging. Zn-dense diet is costly and cannot be implemented in the low-income region most affected by Zn deficiency. Lack of consensus among regulatory bodies on defining and diagnosing Zn deficiency in plants and Humans. Awareness and other sociocultural issues. Among the most important available solutions are zinc biofortification of the cereal crops, use of zinc biofertilizers, development of Zn-efficient crops with reduced phytate content. The use of Zn supplements, dietary modification, and diversification, especially with fish, are proposed as the most accessible and affordable solutions. Awareness programs in areas suffering the most from Zn deficiency are required. Despite the suggestions from FAO and WHO, global efforts to combat Zn deficiency matching those for combating diseases like HIV are not in place. Coordinated efforts of the international community, especially policy-makers, agricultural scientists, dieticians, physicians, and others, are required to address the issue of hidden hunger.     

Determination of 2,4-D and Dicamba in food crops by MEKC

Summary The determination of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) residues in sugar cane, rice and corn was performed by a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using CO₂/acetone as extraction mix and an SFE apparatus developed in our laboratory. The extracts were cleaned up after extraction by both liquid-liquid partition and a Florisil column. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) coupled with ultraviolet on-column detection was used for the analysis of these pesticides. The detection limits were improved by the preparation of a special detection cell with an increased pathlength that gave detection limits of ca. 0.6 pg for 2,4-D and Dicamba. Our results demonstrated that capillary electrophoresis can be a powerful new analytical tool for pesticide residue analysis.     

2,4-二羟基苯甲醛缩甘氨酸的合成及荧光法测定粮食中痕量锌

合成了新席夫碱试剂2,4 二羟基苯甲醛缩甘氨酸(DHBZGC),并测定了其结构,基于Zn(Ⅱ)与DHBZGC OP形成配合物,导致体系荧光增敏的特性,提出了一种测定痕量锌的荧光方法。在pH6.5～8.0,NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4缓冲溶液和OP存在时,Zn(Ⅱ)与DHBZGC形成1∶1的配合物。在λex为330nm,λem为445nm处产生的荧光增敏最大,Zn(Ⅱ)在0～100μg·L-1范围内符合线性关系,检出限为0.4μg·L-1。方法应用于粮食中痕量锌的测定,结果满意。     

基于高光谱技术的农作物常见病害监测研究

农作物病害是制约产量的重要因素之一,目前农作物病害的早期监测主要依靠植保人员田间取样判断危害等级的传统方式,存在主观性强、效率低、滞后性等弊端,也有些病害采用提前施药来进行预防,但此方法有农药过量的风险,从而影响到水稻生长的生态环境。近年来随着信息技术的快速发展,高光谱技术以数据量丰富、灵敏、可靠的特点迅速应用于农业生产中,成为主要检测农作物病害的有效技术手段之一。文章阐述了植物在病害胁迫下光谱响应机制,从粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果类和其他农作物五个方面梳理和总结了近七年国内外高光谱技术在农作物病害的研究进展,在此基础上提出目前该技术在农作物监测应用领域的不足以及对未来的展望。为农作物的病害监测提供参考。     

Profile of selenium in soil and crops in seleniferous area of Punjab,India by neutron activation analysis

In the Nawanshahr–Hoshiarpur region of Punjab, India, more than 1000 hectares of agricultural land is significantly affected by high levels of selenium (Se). Studies were carried out to examine Se levels in soil and crops such as wheat grains, wheat husk, rice, maize and mustard using neutron activation analysis. The Se concentrations in soil and crop products were found to be ranging from 2.7 to 6.5 mg kg⁻¹ and 13 to 670 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, indicating significantly high selenium in these crop products. Two reference materials were analysed for Se contents by INAA as controls.     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定粮食中的常量及微量元素

本文研究用微波消解法溶解粮食样品，采用ICP－AES法测定粮食中的常量及微量元素，获得了较满意的准确度及精密度。本法具有安全节能、准确快速的优点。     

青海省海东地区主要农产品中微量元素的测定

以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定青海省海东地区主要农产品中10种元素含量.方法的回收率在96.4％-101.3％之间,相对标准偏差0.90％-2.98％之间（n=7）.实验证明,建立的方法简单快速,精密度高,满足对农产品中微量元素的监测要求.