对中考物理试题缺陷的分析

中考是学生初中阶段学习结果的终端显示,是高中阶段学校招生选拔学生的依据.因此,中考试题对教学质量和初中阶段教学工作有积极的指导性、调控性和激励性.随着课改的不断推进,全国各地的中考物理试题整体日益向着坚持以学生为本,切实体现素质教育的方向发展.但也有少数中考物理试题存在着一些明显的缺陷,值得我们思考和改进.     

A generalized model of TiO_x-based memristive devices and its application for image processing

Memristive technology has been widely explored, due to its distinctive properties, such as nonvolatility, high density,versatility, and CMOS compatibility. For memristive devices, a general compact model is highly favorable for the realization of its circuits and applications. In this paper, we propose a novel memristive model of TiO_x-based devices, which considers the negative differential resistance(NDR) behavior. This model is physics-oriented and passes Linn's criteria. It not only exhibits sufficient accuracy(IV characteristics within 1.5% RMS), lower latency(below half the VTEAM model),and preferable generality compared to previous models, but also yields more precise predictions of long-term potentiation/depression(LTP/LTD). Finally, novel methods based on memristive models are proposed for gray sketching and edge detection applications. These methods avoid complex nonlinear functions required by their original counterparts. When the proposed model is utilized in these methods, they achieve increased contrast ratio and accuracy(for gray sketching and edge detection, respectively) compared to the Simmons model. Our results suggest a memristor-based network is a promising candidate to tackle the existing inefficiencies in traditional image processing methods.     

外磁场作用下的磁等离子体动力学过程仿真

磁等离子体动力学推力器是空间高功率电推进装置的典型代表,磁等离子体动力学过程是其核心工作机制.为深入理解外磁场对其工作特性的影响,本文采用粒子云(particle in cell,PIC)方法结合基于自相似准则的缩比模型,进行外加磁场作用下磁等离子体动力学推力器工作过程的建模仿真,通过与实验结果对比验证模型和方法的可靠性,并重点分析推力器点火启动过程的等离子特性参数分布,以及外磁场和阴极电流对推力器工作性能的影响.研究结果表明:阴阳极放电电弧构建是推力器启动和高效工作的关键步骤;外磁场强度较低工况不利于构建稳定放电电弧,等离子体束流集中于轴线附近,推力主要产生机制是自身场加速;外磁场强度较高时,阴阳极放电电弧稳定,推力产生主要机制是涡旋加速,推力、比冲随外磁场强度线性增大;推力器效率随阴极电流和外磁场强度增大而增大;放电电压随阴极电流增大而增大,但随外磁场强度的增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势.     

外磁场作用下的磁等离子体动力学过程仿真

磁等离子体动力学推力器是空间高功率电推进装置的典型代表,磁等离子体动力学过程是其核心工作机制.为深入理解外磁场对其工作特性的影响,本文采用粒子云(particle in cell,PIC)方法结合基于自相似准则的缩比模型,进行外加磁场作用下磁等离子体动力学推力器工作过程的建模仿真,通过与实验结果对比验证模型和方法的可靠性,并重点分析推力器点火启动过程的等离子特性参数分布,以及外磁场和阴极电流对推力器工作性能的影响.研究结果表明:阴阳极放电电弧构建是推力器启动和高效工作的关键步骤;外磁场强度较低工况不利于构建稳定放电电弧,等离子体束流集中于轴线附近,推力主要产生机制是自身场加速;外磁场强度较高时,阴阳极放电电弧稳定,推力产生主要机制是涡旋加速,推力、比冲随外磁场强度线性增大;推力器效率随阴极电流和外磁场强度增大而增大;放电电压随阴极电流增大而增大,但随外磁场强度的增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势.     

关于标定电流与额定最大电流的争论

在初中物理教学过程中,计算家庭电路中用电器的最大总功率是一个常考的知识点.     

烯基偕二硼的催化合成及应用研究进展

由于具有双硼基官能团反应位点,烯基偕二硼(1,1-diborylalkenes)是制备多取代烯烃的一类重要合成子,可以通过Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应构建新的碳碳键,从而合成各种不同结构的多取代烯烃.我们综述了近年来烯基偕二硼的制备方法以及在合成中的应用.最后,我们还对烯基偕二硼未来的发展方向以及趋势进行了展望.     

中间视觉条件下光源光谱对人眼视亮度的影响

基于MOVE模型和对多种光源发射光谱的测量,计算得到不同环境亮度条件下人眼光谱效率函数的明视觉函数权重x和中间视觉等效亮度。结果表明,在中间视觉范围内,随着亮度水平的降低,人眼视觉函数曲线峰值强度逐渐加强,且向短波方向发生移动,变化幅度与光源s/p指标成反比,在环境亮度为0.5 cd·m-2的情况下,峰值强度较明视觉函数均提高30%以上。与传统的测试结果相比,荧光灯、不同色温的白光LED中间视觉等效亮度呈正增益,增益幅度达40%,而高压钠灯则呈现负增益效果;随着环境亮度的提高,增益幅度均呈减小的趋势;当达到完全由视锥细胞作用的亮度水平,等效亮度将等于明视觉亮度。该方法及结论有利于更为科学、准确的评价光源及发光材料的光谱和视亮度特性。     

A method of generating random bits by using electronic bipolar memristor

The intrinsic stochasticity of resistance switching process is one of the holdblocks for using memristor as a fundamental element in the next-generation nonvolatile memory.However,such a weakness can be used as an asset for generating the random bits,which is valuable in a hardware security system.In this work,a forming-free electronic bipolar Pt/Ti/Ta2O5/Pt memristor is successfully fabricated to investigate the merits of generating random bits in such a device.The resistance switching mechanism of the fabricated device is ascribed to the electric field conducted electrons trapping/de-trapping in the deep-energy-level traps produced by the"oxygen grabbing"process.The stochasticity of the electrons trapping/detrapping governs the random distribution of the set/reset switching voltages of the device,making a single memristor act as a random bit in which the resistance of the device represents information and the applied voltage pulse serves as the triggering signal.The physical implementation of such a random process provides a method of generating the random bits based on memristors in hardware security applications.     

复杂中空结构材料的构筑及能源应用

随着能源问题的日益突显,开发新型多功能材料以满足能源存储与转换应用的需求变得尤为重要.在众多功能材料中,复杂中空结构材料由于其独特的结构和物理化学特性而备受关注.本文综合评述了复杂中空结构材料的普适性构筑方法(硬模板法、软模板法、自模板法、次序模板法和选择性刻蚀法)及在能源方面的应用(锂/钠/钾离子电池、锂硫电池、超级电容器、电催化、光催化及染料敏化电池等).最后,对复杂空心结构研究领域存在的问题及未来的发展方向进行了展望.