锂离子电池负极材料Li3V2(BO3)3/C 复合材料的合成及电化学性能研究

本文以草酸锂、五氧化二钒、硼酸为原料,二水合草酸为碳原和还原剂,无水乙醇为分散剂,采用球磨法合成了Li₃V₂(BO₃)₃/C（LVB/C）复合材料前驱体,后经高温热处理得到LVB/C复合材料. 采用TG-DTA技术对前驱体进行了热分析,通过XRD、SEM、EDS等技术研究了烧结条件对 LVB/C 材料的晶体结构、微观形貌、含碳量的影响. 通过恒流充放电测试、循环性能测试、循环伏安测试和电化学阻抗测试等技术研究了烧结条件对 LVB/C 材料电化学性能的影响. 电化学测试结果表明,800 ℃下烧结10 h得到的样品电化学性能最佳,在50mA•g^-1电流密度下,首次充放电比容量分别为427.6mAh•g^-1和669.1 mAh•g^-1,循环10次后,容量保持率分别为55.4 %和35.2 %.     

氮/硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片的制备及其电化学性能

二维多孔碳材料能够提供较短的电解质扩散通道和较快的电子传输过程,因此在能量转换和储存装置中表现出优异的电化学性能.近年来的理论和实验研究表明,两元素共掺杂可使二维多孔碳材料的电化学性能得到明显提高.因此,共掺杂二维多孔碳材料的制备成为目前的研究热点之一.本文以甲基橙-FeCl₃复合物为模板引发剂制备了甲基橙掺杂的聚吡咯纳米管,通过对聚吡咯纳米管与KOH混合物（重量比为1：2）在700 ℃进行热处理,制备了二维石墨烯状氮/硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片.所制备的氮/硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片相互连结,形成了多级孔结构.氮气吸附分析表明多级孔结构包含微孔、介孔和大孔,这使所制备的氮/硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片具有较高的比表面积（1744.58 m²/g）和孔体积（1.01 cm³/g）.共掺杂多孔碳纳米片中的掺杂氮以吡啶氮、吡咯氮和季胺氮形式存在,掺杂硫以噻吩硫和氧化态硫形式存在,二者之间的协同效应能够明显改善碳纳米片表面的浸润性,增加表面电化学活性点.这些特征使所制备的氮/硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片表现出优异的电化学性能.用氮/硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片制备的量子点敏化太阳能电池对电极,对多硫电解质再生反应的电催化活性与传统PbS对电极相近,所组装电池的光电转换效率可达到4.30%（100 mW/cm²）.氮/硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片作为超级电容器电极材料,以6 M（1 M=1 mol/L）KOH为电解质,电流密度为0.4 A/g,比电容达到312.8 F/g.即使电流密度增加到20 A/g,比电容仍达到200.6 F/g,表明其具有较好的倍率性能.     

氧化石墨烯还原程度的控制

石墨烯作为只有一个原子层厚度的二维碳材料,具有优异的柔韧性、导电性等一系列优点,从而广泛应用于许多领域。氧化还原法是最常用且最有前景的石墨烯制备方法,然而在氧化过程中,大量含氧官能团的生成破坏了石墨烯的共轭结构,因此需要去除含氧官能团得到还原氧化石墨烯,以修复结构、恢复其高导电性。而许多领域运用石墨烯时,既需要其具有高导电性,又有一定量的含氧官能团或缺陷。因此,控制氧化石墨烯的还原程度尤为必要,既要充分利用含氧官能团的优点并保证石墨烯的导电性,又要根据石墨烯的应用需求,得到官能团种类及含量可控的还原氧化石墨烯,从而实现石墨烯材料的多元化应用。本文综述了近年来化学还原法、热还原（包括热退火和水/溶剂热还原）法和电化学还原法控制氧化石墨烯还原程度的研究现状,总结了几种方法的还原机制和效果以及部分还原氧化石墨烯的应用并进行了展望。     

钛酸钠纳米管-碳复合材料用作钠离子电容电池负极材料

以二氧化钛、氢氧化钠溶液和葡萄糖作为初始原料,通过水热方法合成了钛酸钠纳米管-碳复合材料。 使用XRD和TEM等方法测试了材料的结晶情况和形貌, 通过氮气吸-脱附和热重实验测试了材料的孔结构和碳含量。 采用复合材料作为负极材料,和石墨正极材料配伍,组装成不对称型电容电池,在钠基有机系电解液中其电压可高达3.5 V。 探讨了负极材料的储能机理,并考察了正负极质量比对负极储钠容量的影响。 电化学性能测试结果显示,电容电池具有较高能量密度和功率密度,其数值分别为72 Wh/Kg和1256 W/Kg,电容电池也表现出了较好的循环稳定性,在0.17 A/g电流密度下,经1000次循环后容量保持率高达100%。     

尖晶石型八面体结构锰酸锂的制备及其电化学性能

采用模板导向法和高温固相法制备尖晶石型八面体结构的LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料,研究了该材料的结构和电化学性能。 电化学性能研究表明,该电极材料具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能,在2.5~4.5 V电压范围,电流密度为100 mA/g时,首周充放电比容量分别为147和179 mA·h/g,循环50周后,其充放电比容量仍分别保持在180/181 mA·h/g。 优良的电化学性能可能归因于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的形貌结构特征,该方法为制备锂离子电池正极材料提供了思路和依据。     

Benzothiadiazole vs. iso-Benzothiadiazole: Synthesis,Electrochemical and Optical Properties of D–A–D Conjugated Molecules Based on Them

This paper presents an improved synthesis of 4,7-dibromobenzo[d][1,2,3]thiadiazole from commercially available reagents. According to quantum-mechanical calculations, benzo[d][1,2,3]thiadiazole (isoBTD) has higher values of E_LUMO and energy band gap (E_g), which indicates high electron conductivity, occurring due to the high stability of the molecule in the excited state. We studied the cross-coupling reactions of this dibromide and found that the highest yields of π-spacer–acceptor–π-spacer type compounds were obtained by means of the Stille reaction. Therefore, 6 new structures of this type have been synthesized. A detailed study of the optical and electrochemical properties of the obtained π-spacer–acceptor–π-spacer type compounds in comparison with isomeric structures based on benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTD) showed a red shift of absorption maxima with lower absorptive and luminescent capacity. However, the addition of the 2,2′-bithiophene fragment as a π-spacer resulted in an unexpected increase of the extinction coefficient in the UV/vis spectra along with a blue shift of both absorption maxima for the isoBTD-based compound as compared to the BTD-based compound. Thus, a thorough selection of components in the designing of appropriate compounds with benzo[d][1,2,3]thiadiazole as an internal acceptor can lead to promising photovoltaic materials.     

Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future

Complex wastewater matrices present a major environmental concern. Besides the biodegradable organics, they may contain a great variety of toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and other xenobiotics. The electrochemically activated persulfate process, an efficient way to generate sulfate radicals, has been widely applied to the degradation of such complex effluents with very good results. This review presents the fundamentals of the electro-persulfate processes, highlighting the advantages and limitations, followed by an exhaustive evaluation on the application of this process for the treatment of complex industrial effluents. An overview of the main relevant experimental parameters/details and their influence on the organic load removal is presented and discussed, having in mind the application of these technologies at an industrial scale. Finally, the future perspectives for the application of the electro-persulfate processes in the treatment of complex wastewater matrices is outlined.     

Synergistic Catalysis of SnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide for VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+ Redox Reactions

In spite of their low cost, high activity, and diversity, metal oxide catalysts have not been widely applied in vanadium redox reactions due to their poor conductivity and low surface area. Herein, SnO₂/reduced graphene oxide (SnO₂/rGO) composite was prepared by a sol–gel method followed by high-temperature carbonization. SnO₂/rGO shows better electrochemical catalysis for both redox reactions of VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ and V²⁺/V³⁺ couples as compared to SnO₂ and graphene oxide. This is attributed to the fact that reduced graphene oxide is employed as carbon support featuring excellent conductivity and a large surface area, which offers fast electron transfer and a large reaction place towards vanadium redox reaction. Moreover, SnO₂ has excellent electrochemical activity and wettability, which also boost the electrochemical kinetics of redox reaction. In brief, the electrochemical properties for vanadium redox reactions are boosted in terms of diffusion, charge transfer, and electron transport processes systematically. Next, SnO₂/rGO can increase the energy storage performance of cells, including higher discharge electrolyte utilization and lower electrochemical polarization. At 150 mA cm⁻², the energy efficiency of a modified cell is 69.8%, which is increased by 5.7% compared with a pristine one. This work provides a promising method to develop composite catalysts of carbon materials and metal oxide for vanadium redox reactions.     

Electrochemical Determination of Carbofuran in Tomatoes by a Concanavalin A (Con A) Polydopamine (PDA)-Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)-Gold Nanoparticle (GNP) Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) with Immobilized Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A new biosensor method was developed to determine residual carbofuran in tomatoes in a rapid and convenient fashion based on immobilizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on an electrode modified by concanavalin A (Con A)/polydopamine (PDA)-reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-gold nanoparticle (GNP) nanocomposites. The specific binding between Con A and AChE was investigated by the Ellman method and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The synthesis of nanocomposites was monitored by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that, due to the specific binding and good electrical conductivity, the biosensor had 2.2 times higher bioactivity, leading to high sensitivity with a low Michaelis constant of 0.10?mM. Parameters that affect the response of the biosensor, such as the pH, enzyme loading, ionic concentration, and inhibition time, were optimized. When used for the detection of carbofuran, this biosensor showed a wide range of applicability from 5?µg/kg to 40?µg/kg with a detection limit of 0.012?µg/kg. In addition, the biosensor demonstrated good recovery values of 101% and 90% for 10?µg/kg and 100?µg/kg of the analyte, good stability, high repeatability, and a rapid detection time of 20?min for carbofuran in tomatoes, which provides significant advantages for future analysis.     

S—H键和N—H键交叉偶联放氢制备亚磺酰胺

利用交叉偶联放氢的方法, 实现了电化学一体池中苯硫酚类化合物与胺类化合物间N—S键的构筑, 高效地制备了一系列亚磺酰胺化合物. 实验结果证实, 该反应通过自由基路径生成的次磺酰胺, 以反应溶剂中微量的水为氧源, 进一步电催化氧化得到亚磺酰胺. 四正丁基碘化铵在反应中可起到电解质和中间体的双重作用.