关于高分子化学缩聚反应中容易混淆的一些问题

《高分子化学》是高分子材料等专业的必修课程,主要以聚合反应机理及反应动力学为主线,以连锁聚合和逐步聚合为两大主要板块。在逐步聚合部分主要以缩聚反应为例讲授逐步聚合特征及一般规律。笔者在缩聚反应部分内容教授的过程中发现了一些学生容易混淆的问题,如缩聚反应中平均聚合度与反应程度定义式中的N与N0、线形缩聚反应与体型缩聚反应体系中的反应程度、缩聚反应公式Xn=k′[A]0t+1中的浓度问题。本文针对教学中的这些问题进行了讨论,介绍了笔者的理解和相关的教学体会,希望利于学生的自学和其他教师的教学。     

Kinetic Phase Transition in A2 ＋ B2 → 2AB Reaction System with Particle Diffusion

A lattice gas model for the A2 ＋ B2→2AB reaction system was studied by Monte Carlo simulation in a two- dimensional triangular lattice surface [Phys. Rev. E 69 （2004）046114]. In the model, a reactive window appears and the system exhibits a continuous phase transition to an ＇A＋vaoancy＇ covered state with infinitely many absorbing states. The critical behaviour was shown to belong to the robust directed percolation （DP） universality class. In this study, we find that as the particle A diffusion is considered, the infinitely many absorbing states for the continuous phase transition change into only two： one is that in which all sites are occupied by particle A and the other is that in which there is only one vacant site and other sites are occupied by particle A. Fhrthermore, a parity conserving character appears in the system when the particle A diffusion is included. It is found that the critical behaviour of the continuous phase transition changes from the DP class into the pair contact process with diffusion model （PCPD） class and the parity conserving character has no influence on the critical behaviour in the model.     

Formation of Vegetation Patterns and Hysteresis Phenomena in Arid and Semiarid Zones

Considering the spatial effect of the complicated interactions between plant and resource （soil water） and the stochastic character of the complicated ecological processes in an ecosystem, we introduce a lattice gas model to investigate the vegetation pattern formation in the arid and the semiarid ecosystems with Monte Carlo sim- ulations. With consistency of some previous mean-field models, the model reproduces a wide range of patterns observed in the arid and the semiarid regions. The sequences of vegetation states are also investigated with scanning three parameters, i.e., the precipitation and the plant growth rate, and then the parameter ranges are identified where a hysteresis loop appears and two different stable states coexist. The simulation results denote that the complex structures occur only when the precipitation parameter decreases. Moreover, based on the model, it is found that an increase of the competition of the plant for the resource along the slope direction results in the regular stripes parallel to the hill＇s contours. The model provides an interesting mechanism to understand the formation of the other regular vegetation stripe in a limited resource condition.     

动量表象中一维无限深势阱有关问题的分析与讨论

在动量表象中讨论一维无限深势阱问题,分析其几率分布的特征及其两种变化趋势,并探讨朗道与泡利理论的关联以及产生自洽性争论的原因.     

超声速气流中液体横向射流的非定常特性与振荡边界模型

针对液体圆柱射流垂直喷入超声速横向气流中的非定常分布特性开展实验研究, 并建立穿透深度方向上的射流振荡分布模型. 利用脉冲激光背景成像方法“冻结”拍摄马赫2.1(Ma=2.1)气流中煤油射流/喷雾瞬态图像, 结合最大类间方差法(Otsu)和Canny算法提取瞬态图像特征, 基于统计方法并引入间歇因子(γ)定量描述射流振荡分布特性; 通过研究多参数协同作用下的射流振荡分布规律, 提出振荡分布数学模型, 研究的参数变量包括超声速来流总压(642-1010 kPa)、 液体喷注压降(0.36-4.61 MPa)、液体喷嘴流道直径 (0.48 mm/1.0 mm/1.25 mm/1.52 mm)、距离喷嘴的流向距离(10-125 mm)以及液气动量通量比(0.11-7.49). 研究中利用射流振荡分布模型成功预测出水射流在Ma=2.1气流中的的振荡分布, 预测分布与实验结果符合良好.     

离子束表面改性及其在摩擦学中的应用

本文对离子束表面改性的各种方法和技术水平及其在摩擦学中的应用进行了综述,讨论了为使这种技术更加广泛地应用于实际摩擦学体系还必须研究的一些问题。大量文献资料表明,离子注入是改善材料摩擦学性能的一种有效方法。离子束辅助涂层是新近发展起来的一种离子束表面改性技术,包括离子束增强沉积或离子束辅助沉积、离子束混合和离子束反冲注入。利用它可以制得0.05到几个微米厚的涂层。由于界面的相互扩散混合,离子束辅助涂层能更强地与底材结合,并且常比物理或化学气相沉积的涂层更密实。作者认为,离子束技术今后将在两个相关领域中发展,即直接的离子注入和离子辅助涂层,并且指出离子补助涂层技术将拓宽离子束技术在摩擦学中的应用范围。     

Dynamics of Symmetric Conserved Mass Aggregation Model on Complex Networks

We investigate the dynamical behaviour of the aggregation process in the symmetric conserved mass aggregation model under three different topological structures. The dispersion a（t, L） = （∑i（mi - ρo ） ^2 / L ）1/2 is defined to describe the dynamical behaviour where Po is the density of particle and mi is the particle number on a site. It is found numerically that for a regular lattice and a scale-free network, σ（t, L） follows a power-law scaling σ（ t, L） ~ t^δ1 and σ（ t, L） ~ t^δ4 from a random initial condition to the stationary states, respectively. However, for a small-world network, there are two power-law scaling regimes, σ（t, L） ~ t^δ2 when t 〈 T and 〈（t, L） ~ t^δ3 when t 〉 T. Moreover, it is found numerically that 62 is near to 61 for small rewiring probability q, and 63 hardly changes with varying q and it is almost the same as 64. We speculate that the aggregation of the connection degree accelerates the mass aggregation in the initial relaxation stage and the existence of the long-distance interactions in the complex networks results in the acceleration of the mass aggregation when t 〉 T for the small-world networks. We also show that the relaxation time r follows a power-law scaling τ ~ L^z and σ（t, L） in the stationary state follows a power-law Gs（L） - L^α for three different structures.     

合成蜡粉改性聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层摩擦学性能的研究

用合成蜡粉改善聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层并考察了其摩擦磨损性能以及合成蜡粉添加盈对摩擦磨损试验结果重复性的影响。结果表明：合成蜡粉可明显改善聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层的减摩耐磨性能;随着合成蜡粉添加量的增加,其摩擦磨损试验数据的重复性显著提高,通过对其磨痕形貌和磨痕表层转移物的分析发现,在摩擦过程中,合成蜡粉可阻止偶件金属元素向聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层摩擦表面的转移和大尺寸磨屑的产生。     

Phase Transitions of an Epidemic Spreading Model in Small-World Networks

We propose a modified susceptible-infected-refractory-susceptible (SIRS) model to investigate the global oscillations of the epidemic spreading inWatts-Strogatz (WS) small-world networks. It is found that when an individual immunity does not change or decays slowly in an immune period, the system can exhibit complex transition from an infecting stationary state to a large amplitude sustained oscillation or an absorbing state with no infection. When the immunity decays rapidly in the immune period, the transition to the global oscillation disappears and there is no oscillation. Furthermore, based on thespatio-temporal evolution patterns and the phase diagram, it is disclosed that a long immunity period takes an important role in the emergence of the global oscillation in small-world networks.     

耦合腔阵列与Λ-型三能级原子非局域耦合系统中单光子的传输特性研究

讨论了理想和非理想情况下耦合腔阵列中两个最邻近的腔与Λ-型三能级原子非局域耦合系统中单光子的传输特性.运用准玻色子方法,精确地解出了开放系统中单光子的透射率.Λ-型三能级原子与耦合腔阵列非局域耦合系统具有更多的优点,如:该系统比其他系统调控光子传输特性的可调控参数更多;单光子在该系统中传输的透射谱有三个透射峰.此外,该系统还具有自身的特点,当拉比频率?取值给定之后,改变原子与其中一个腔的耦合强度时,光子的透射谱有一个透射率始终为1的定点,该点对应的光子频率为ω_c-?.在非理想情况下,系统耗散对光子的透射谱有着很大的影响.当只考虑原子耗散时,耗散使得光子透射谱的谷值增大,而峰值不变;当只考虑腔场耗散时,光子透射谱的峰值减小,而谷值不变.另外,随着腔场耗散率和腔的个数的增多,光子透射谱的峰值逐渐减小,但谷值始终不变.对比原子耗散和腔场耗散的情况可以发现,原子耗散使得光子不能被完全反射,而腔场耗散使得光子不能被完全透射.当同时考虑原子和腔场耗散时,光子透射谱谷值的大小不但会受原子耗散率大小的影响,也受腔场耗散率大小的影响,随着腔场耗散率的增大,谷值反而减小;而光子透射谱的峰值始终只受腔场耗散率大小和腔的个数的影响,与原子耗散率取值的大小无关.