Skin formation in drying a film of soft matter solutions:Application of solute based Lagrangian scheme

When a film of soft matter solutions is being dried, a skin layer often forms at its surface, which is a gel-like elastic phase made of concentrated soft matter solutions. We study the dynamics of this process by using the solute based Lagrangian scheme which was proposed by us recently. In this scheme, the process of the gelation(i.e., the change from sol to gel) can be naturally incorporated in the diffusion equation. Effects of the elasticity of the skin phase, the evaporation rate of the solvents, and the initial concentration of the solutions are discussed. Moreover, the condition for the skin formation is provided.     

Numerical investigation of a coupled moving boundary model of radial flow in low-permeable stress-sensitive reservoir with threshold pressure gradient

The threshold pressure gradient and formation stress-sensitive effect as the two prominent physical phenomena in the development of a low-permeable reservoir are both considered here for building a new coupled moving boundary model of radial flow in porous medium. Moreover, the wellbore storage and skin effect are both incorporated into the inner boundary conditions in the model. It is known that the new coupled moving boundary model has strong nonlinearity. A coordinate transformation based fully implicit finite difference method is adopted to obtain its numerical solutions. The involved coordinate transformation can equivalently transform the dynamic flow region for the moving boundary model into a fixed region as a unit circle, which is very convenient for the model computation by the finite difference method on fixed spatial grids. By comparing the numerical solution obtained from other different numerical method in the existing literature, its validity can be verified. Eventually, the effects of permeability modulus, threshold pressure gradient, wellbore storage coefficient, and skin factor on the transient wellbore pressure, the derivative, and the formation pressure distribution are analyzed respectively.     

Non-Hermitian Weyl semimetals: Non-Hermitian skin effect and non-Bloch bulk-boundary correspondence

We investigate novel features of three-dimensional non-Hermitian Weyl semimetals,paying special attention to the unconventional bulk-boundary correspondence.We use the non-Bloch Chern numbers as the tool to obtain the topological phase diagram,which is also confirmed by the energy spectra from our numerical results.It is shown that,in sharp contrast to Hermitian systems,the conventional(Bloch)bulk-boundary correspondence breaks down in non-Hermitian topological semimetals,which is caused by the non-Hermitian skin effect.We establish the non-Bloch bulk-boundary correspondence for non-Hermitian Weyl semimetals:the topological edge modes are determined by the non-Bloch Chern number of the bulk bands.Moreover,these topological edge modes can manifest as the unidirectional edge motion,and their signatures are consistent with the non-Bloch bulk-boundary correspondence.Our work establishes the non-Bloch bulk-boundary correspondence for non-Hermitian topological semimetals.     

磁场和热辐射对可变表面热通量作用下的竖直圆锥体自然对流的影响

就圆锥体表面受到可变表面热通量作用,计及磁场和热辐射的综合影响,数值研究了流经竖直圆锥体的自然对流及其热交换特点.认为流体是灰色的、吸收-发射的辐射介质,而非散射介质,通过近似变换,将自由对流区中流动的边界层控制方程,简化为无量纲方程.利用Crank-Nicol-son形式的隐式有限差分法(具有收敛快、精度高、无条件稳定的特点),求解了无量纲的控制方程.得到了数值结果,以及空气和水中的速度、温度、局部和平均的壁面剪应力、局部和平均的Nusselt数.将所得到的结果与先前文献报道的结果进行比较,发现两者有着很好的一致性.     

Development and validation of a HPAE-PAD method for the quantification of CGP69669A, a sialyl Lewis(x) mimetic, in skin permeation studies

A simple, rapid, precise and specific isocratic HPAE‐PAD method for quantification of CGP69669A was developed and validated. CGP69669A is a glycomimetic of sialyl Lewis^x and an antagonist of E‐selectin with potential application in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease. Quantification was performed using a Dionex CarboPac^TM PA‐200 anion‐exchange column (3 × 250 mm) with 100 mm NaOH solution as mobile phase, a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min and an injection volume of 10 μL. A quadruple potential waveform was used to detect the carbohydrate (+0.1 V from 0.00 to 0.40 s, ?2.0 V from 0.41 to 0.42 s, +0.6 V at 0.43 s and ?0.1 V from 0.44 to 0.50 s with current integrated between 0.20 and 0.40 s for detection) and rafinose was employed as an internal standard. The optimized conditions enabled rapid elution of CGP69669A (at 3.0 min) without interference from solvent peaks or substances present in the skin. The method showed good intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy and the response was linear from 1.0 to 25 µg/mL. This is the first validated direct method for the quantification of CGP69669A. It will now be employed in studies investigating the topical and transdermal delivery of CGP69669A in vitro and in vivo and it should also be of use for other applications of this molecule. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Porcine Skin by Raman Microscopy

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are a key ingredient in sunscreen products for efficiently blocking ultraviolet irradiation on the skin. Lately, there have been concerns about their cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage to skin cells. One way to minimize the potential side effects is to wash away the nanoparticles from skin. However, the effectiveness of this strategy has not been evaluated, which is partially due to the lack of a convenient technology for skin analysis. Herein, a portable Raman microscope was shown for the first time to rapidly reveal and quantify titanium dioxide nanoparticle residue on the skin after cleaning. By using porcine skin as an example, cleaning with the detergent was determined as the fastest and most efficient way to remove the nanoparticles from the skin.     

便携式人体皮肤摩擦性能测试仪的研制

随着对人体皮肤摩擦学特性研究的展开,目前还没有适用的设备对脸颊?额头等不规则形状部位进行测试,本文研制了一种便携式的摩擦性能测试仪,并在不损害皮肤情况下进行人体皮肤摩擦性能测试,结果表明:该测试仪使用方便?性能可靠.在0.2 2N 的接触正压力和10 60nml/S 的滑行速度范围内,皮肤摩擦系数与施加的接触正压力及滑行速度无关.自然状态下,手背?手掌?前臂屈侧?前臂伸侧?前额部位皮肤摩擦系数在性别间的差距较小,但脸颊部位皮肤摩擦系数女性却远大于男性.护肤品处理后,各测试部位皮肤摩擦系数在性别间的差距都有所缩小.     

汗液对皮肤摩擦特性的影响研究

采用人工汗液模拟人体汗液,在连续和间歇式往复摩擦运动模式下研究汗液对正常人体皮肤、穿戴假肢皮肤以及残肢疤痕皮肤摩擦性能的影响,并模拟假肢穿戴环境研究汗液对皮肤摩擦舒适度的影响. 结果表明:在法向载荷为0.2 N和0.7 N的连续和间歇式往复摩擦运动模式下,汗液均通过改变皮肤表面的物理化学性能而对皮肤的摩擦行为产生影响;在汗液逐渐干燥的过程中,皮肤的摩擦行为从粘着向相对滑移状态转变,摩擦系数变化经历从小到大再减小、最后达到稳定的过程;在法向载荷为8.0 N、模拟假肢穿戴环境的连续式往复摩擦运动模式下,汗液环境中的正常小腿皮肤、穿戴假肢皮肤和残肢疤痕皮肤的摩擦系数均大于干燥环境.根据皮肤在摩擦过程中的疼痛感、牵扯感和灼热感等同时提出皮肤摩擦舒适度概念,与干燥的假肢穿戴环境相比,汗液均加强了不同皮肤的摩擦不舒适感.     

高焓湍流边界层壁面摩阻产生机制分析

高超飞行器在中低空以极高马赫数飞行时,飞行器表面会遇到湍流与高温非平衡效应耦合作用的新问题.这种高焓湍流边界层壁面摩阻产生机制是新型高超声速飞行器所关注的基础科学问题,厘清此产生机制可以为减阻方法的设计提供指导,具有重要的工程实用价值.本文选取高超声速飞行时楔形体头部斜激波后的高焓流动状态,开展了考虑高温非平衡效应的湍...