Matrix Effects in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Particle: Influence on Structure,Acidity, and Accessibility

Matrix effects in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst have been studied in terms of structure, accessibility, and acidity. An extensive characterization study into the structural and acidic properties of a FCC catalyst, its individual components (i.e., zeolite H-Y, binder (boehmite/silica) and kaolin clay), and two model FCC catalyst samples containing only two components (i.e., zeolite-binder and binder-clay) was performed at relevant conditions. This allowed the drawing of conclusions about the role of each individual component, describing their mutual physicochemical interactions, establishing structure-acidity relationships, and determining matrix effects in FCC catalyst materials. This has been made possible by using a wide variety of characterization techniques, including temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, infrared spectroscopy in combination with CO as probe molecule, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Ar physisorption, and advanced nuclear magnetic resonance. By doing so it was, for example, revealed that a freshly prepared spray-dried FCC catalyst appears as a physical mixture of its individual components, but under typical riser reactor conditions, the interaction between zeolite H-Y and binder material is significant and mobile aluminum migrates and inserts from the binder into the defects of the zeolite framework, thereby creating additional Brønsted acid sites and restoring the framework structure.     

DFT计算结合固体NMR研究富铝SSZ-13的铝分布和Br?nsted酸性

具有菱沸石(CHA)结构的SSZ-13分子筛在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)及柴油机车尾气氨选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)反应中具有重要的应用,采用富铝SSZ-13可以调节MTO反应的烯烃选择性和提升NH_3-SCR的低温脱硝活性,因此SSZ-13中的铝含量和分布与对应的酸性决定了其催化性能。本文采用密度泛函理论结合固体核磁共振实验研究了富铝和富硅HSSZ-13的Al位置与Br?nsted酸强度的内在关系。通过计算取代能发现,对于孤立Al位,质子位于Al周围4个不同O位时能量差异较小,最稳定的B酸位点是O(1)―H。对于富铝SSZ-13,两个Al原子位于同一六元环的对位是Al-Si-Si-Al (NNNN)序列中最稳定的结构,而Al-Si-Al (NNN)序列中能量最优的Al分布是两个铝原子排布于六棱柱上下不同的六元环上。通过计算最稳定构型下的质子亲和势、NH3脱附能和吸附氘代乙腈后的1H NMR化学位移,发现富铝SSZ-13中含有Si(2Al)分布的NNN序列导致了其Br?nsted酸强度弱于高硅的分子筛。分峰拟合29Si魔角旋转核磁共振(MASNMR)谱图表明富铝SSZ-13中Si(2Al)的含量在43%以上,而吸附氘代乙腈后的1H MAS NMR实验显示富铝SSZ-13的桥羟基化学位移向低场移动,进一步证明富铝SSZ-13具有较弱的Br?nsted酸强度。     

Co-Cr-O复合氧化物上丙烷低温完全氧化:结构效应、反应动力学和原位光谱研究（英文）

低碳烷烃是一类主要的挥发性有机污染物(VOCs),广泛生成于汽车尾气以及各种工业过程如煤处理、石油精炼以及天然气处理等.随着对环保要求的日益提高,对高效VOCs消除技术的需求愈加迫切.催化完全氧化(催化燃烧)技术具有起燃温度低、能耗低、净化效果好(无二次污染)等优点,因而极具应用潜力.对于低碳烷烃的催化燃烧,贵金属催化剂如Pt和Pd等具有很高的反应活性,但存在价格昂贵并易中毒等缺陷限制了其商业应用.另一方面,过渡金属氧化物由于其价格低廉、抗中毒性能优异及热稳定性好等特点受到广泛关注.Cu,Mn,Co,Fe等氧化物都具有良好的催化活性,其中Co氧化物由于其在丙烷催化燃烧中的高活性受到关注.而在Co氧化物中添加第二金属更能促进其反应性能.因此本文制备了一系列不同Co/Cr比例的复合氧化物用于丙烷催化燃烧,考察了催化剂结构和表面性质对其反应行为的影响,并通过反应动力学和原位光谱技术对反应机理进行了探索.实验结果表明,随着Co/Cr比例的变化,催化剂的晶相结构、颗粒尺寸、比表面积、表面酸性以及氧化还原性等特性均发生了明显变化,进而影响了其反应行为.当Co/Cr比例为1/2时(1Co2Cr),催化剂为尖晶石结构并具有最大的比表面积.该催化剂上具有最高的反应活性(250℃时反应速率为1.38μmol g^-1 s^-1),可归因于其最高的表面酸性和低温氧化还原性能的协同作用.反应动力学结果表明,1Co2Cr催化剂上丙烷和氧气的反应级数分别为0.58±0.03和0.34±0.05,低于2Co1Cr(分别为0.77±0.02和0.98±0.16)和1Co5Cr(分别为0.66±0.05和1.30±0.11),表明1122Cr催化剂相比后二者具有更高的丙烷和氧气表面覆盖度,得益于其更高的表面酸性和更好的低温氧化还原性能.此外,原位红外光谱表明,在反应过程中,1Co2Cr催化剂上的主要表面物种为多齿碳酸盐,该物种在低温时(<250℃)在表面积聚,但在高温时被分解.     

ZSM-5分子筛酸性质对甲醛合成三聚甲醛催化性能的影响

ZSM-5分子筛是合成三聚甲醛的有效催化剂。本工作通过XRF、XRD、SEM、NH₃-TPD、Py-FTIR和²⁷Al MAS NMR等手段对一系列不同SiO₂/Al₂O₃物质的量比的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行了表征,研究了ZSM-5分子筛中Brønsted酸中心和Lewis酸中心对其甲醛合成三聚甲醛催化性能的影响。结果表明,SiO₂/Al₂O₃物质的量比为250的ZSM-5分子筛具有合适的Brønsted酸中心用于催化甲醛缩聚为三聚甲醛的反应,同时其Lewis酸中心量极少,可有效抑制Cannizzaro或Tishchenko等副反应,提高三聚甲醛的选择性,因而具有最佳的合成三聚甲醛催化性能。寿命实验评价结果显示,SiO₂/Al₂O₃物质的量比为250的ZSM-5分子筛具有良好的催化稳定性,单程寿命长达114 h,并且可通过550℃焙烧再生恢复其催化活性。     

层状CuyFe6-yAl2Ox催化剂的制备及其在罗丹明B降解反应中的应用

以铜铁铝水滑石为前驱体,经焙烧后得到了一系列不同组成的层状铜铁铝混合氧化物催化剂。将其应用于中性条件下高浓度罗丹明B(450 mg·L^-1)的类芬顿降解反应中,考察了催化剂中铜铁比例及焙烧温度对其降解性能的影响。实验结果表明,当铜铁物质的量之比为5∶1、焙烧温度为500℃时所得到的Cu5FeAl2Ox-500催化剂对罗丹明B的降解效率最高,能够在150 min内将罗丹明B完全降解。表征结果发现,Cu5FeAl2Ox-500催化剂中生成了新的CuFe2O4物相,而且具有较大的比表面积和介孔体积,因而有利于罗丹明B的降解。同时还发现该催化剂对多种污染物的降解均有很好的效果。     

Brønsted Acidity and the Medium: Fundamentals with a Focus on Ionic Liquids

Fundamental aspects of Brønsted acidity in ionic liquid systems, in relation to those of simple protic molecules in the gas phase, pure protic molecules in the condensed phase and solutions of protic molecules in molecular systems, are presented. The variety of acidities possible, beyond those observed in aqueous systems, is emphasised and discussed in terms of differences of solvent levelling, ionisation, dissociation, homo‐/hetero‐conjugate ion speciation and the stabilisation of proton‐transfer products from solvent to solvent. It is argued that data regarding aqueous systems do not necessarily explain acid/base behaviour in other liquids satisfactorily. Methods of measuring acidity are reviewed, particularly by spectrophotometry and electrochemistry and recommendations proffered for estimating speciation and acidity of ionic liquids of various complexities.     

载体酸性对Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上烯烃歧化反应性能的影响

在固定床反应器上考察了Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上乙烯与2-丁烯歧化制丙烯反应的性能.结合X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附、吡啶吸附红外光谱、H2程序升温还原和程序升温氧化等表征结果发现,载体酸性的差异导致催化剂酸性和 Mo物种落位方式不同.载体酸性较强时,催化剂积炭严重,反应稳定性差;载体酸性较弱时,Mo物种...     

Acidic Ionic Liquids as Efficient and Environmentally Benign Medium for the Synthesis of 2-Phenylbenzimidazole

2‐Substituted benzimidazoles have been synthesized in excellent yields under solvent‐free conditions using a series of acidic ionic liquids as catalysts. The results indicate that SO₃H‐functionalized ionic liquids show higher catalytic activities than other acidic ionic liquids. The effects of reaction conditions such as the amounts of ionic liquids, the ratio of reactants were investigated. A Hammett method was used to determine the acidity order of these ionic liquids and the results were found to be relevant to the catalytic activities observed in the synthesis reaction. Besides, the reaction mechanism was stimulated using DFT method.     

Effect of Medium Acidity and Photostability of 3‐(4‐Dimethylamino‐phenyl)‐1‐(2,5‐dimethyl‐thiophen‐3‐yl)‐propenone (DDTP): A New Green Emitting Laser Dye

On the line of a previous work on the spectral properties of some of heteroaryl chalcone, the effect of medium acidity and photoreactivity of 3‐(4‐dimethylamino‐phenyl)‐1‐(2,5‐dimethyl‐thiophen‐3‐yl)‐propenone (DDTP) has been investigated in dimethylformamide and in chloromethane solvents such as methylenechloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The dye solution (ca. 5×10⁻⁴ mol·L⁻¹ in DMF) gives a good laser emission in the range 470–560 nm with emission maximum at 515 nm upon pumping by nitrogen laser (λ_ex=337.1 nm). The laser parameters such as gain coefficient (α), emission cross section (δ_e) and half life energy (E_1/2) at maximum laser emission are also determined.     

Synergetic effect of TeMo5O16 and MoO3 phases in MoTeOx catalysts used for the partial oxidation of propylene

A detailed study on the synergetic effect of TeMo5O16 and MoO3 phases in the MoTeOx catalysts for the partial oxidation of propylene to acrolein has been reported in this work. It was found that both propylene conversion and acrolein selectivity increased with the addition of MoO3 to TeMo5O16. Based on the results of N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, XPS, in-situ XRD, O2-TPO, and 2-propanol decomposition reaction, the higher catalytic performance and synergetic effect could be attributed to the enhancement of acidity and the oxygen transfer from TeMo5O16 to MoO3 phase.