Cu/HMOR催化二甲醚羰基化合成乙酸甲酯: 催化剂制备方法的影响 (cited: 2)

采用氨蒸发法、尿素水解法、离子交换法及浸渍法制备HMOR负载的Cu催化剂, 考察其催化二甲醚(DME)羰基化合成乙酸甲酯(MA)性能. 结果表明离子交换法制得Cu/HMOR催化剂在Cu的金属中心和酸性分子筛载体的共同作用下具有较好催化反应活性. 在210 oC、1.5 MPa、空速4883 h^-1,DME转化率为95.3%,MA选择性为94.9%. 对催化剂进行N2物理吸附、X射线衍射、NH₃程序升温脱附和CO程序升温脱附等表征发现,离子交换法制得Cu/HMOR催化剂具有较高比表面、大量弱酸及一定中强酸、适中的CO吸附强度,提高了CO插入DME羰基化反应活性.     

Effects of low-intensity ultrasound on the growth,cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Effects of low-intensity ultrasound (at different frequency, treatment time and power) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae in different growth phase were evaluated by the biomass in the paper. In addition, the cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of sonicated Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also researched. The results revealed that the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased by 127.03% under the optimum ultrasonic conditions such as frequency 28 kHz, power 140 W/L and ultrasonic time 1 h when Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured to the latent anaphase. And the membrane permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in latent anaphase enhanced by ultrasound, resulting in the augment of extracellular protein, nucleic acid and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) contents. In addition, sonication could accelerate the damage of high concentration alcohol to Saccharomyces cerevisiae although the ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not affected significantly by ultrasound.     

Emission of organic carbon,elemental carbon and water-soluble ions from crop straw burning under flaming and smoldering conditions

Emissions from major agricultural residues were measured using a self-designed combustion system. Emission factors (EFs) of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ions (WSIs) (K⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄^2–) in smoke from wheat and rice straw were measured under flaming and smoldering conditions. The OC₁/TC (total carbon) was highest (45.8% flaming, 57.7% smoldering) among carbon fractions. The mean EFs for OC (EF_OC) and EC (EF_EC) were 9.2 ± 3.9 and 2.2 ± 0.7 g/kg for wheat straw and 6.4 ± 1.9 and 1.1 ± 0.3 g/kg for rice straw under flaming conditions, while they were 40.8 ± 5.6 and 5.8 ± 1.0 g/kg and 37.6 ± 6.3 and 5.0 ± 1.4 g/kg under smoldering conditions, respectively. Higher EC ratios were observed in particulate matter (PM) mass under flaming conditions. The OC and EC for the two combustion patterns were significantly correlated (p < 0.01, R = 0.95 for wheat straw; p < 0.01, R = 0.97 for rice straw), and a higher positive correlation between OC₃ and EC was observed under both combustion conditions. WSIs emitted from flaming smoke were dominated by Cl⁻ and K⁺, which contributed 3.4% and 2.4% of the PM mass for rice straw and 2.2% and 1.0% for wheat straw, respectively. The EFs of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were 0.73 ± 0.16 and 0.51 ± 0.14 g/kg for wheat straw and 0.25 ± 0.15 and 0.12 ± 0.05 g/kg for rice straw under flaming conditions, while they were 0.42 ± 0.28 and 0.12 ± 0.06 g/kg and 0.30 ± 0.27 and 0.05 ± 0.03 g/kg under smoldering conditions, respectively. Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and NH₄⁺ were vital components in PM, comprising from 0.8% (smoldering) to 3.1% (flaming) of the mass. Strong correlations of Cl⁻ with K⁺, NH₄⁺, and Na⁺ ions were observed in rice straw and the calculated diagnostic ratios of OC/EC, K⁺/Na⁺ and Cl⁻/Na⁺ could be useful to distinguishing crop straw burning from other sources of atmospheric pollution.     

Simultaneous Multielement Study of the Binding of Metals in Solution by an Algal Biomass,Chlorella Vulgaris

Abstract

The adsorption process of four metals in solution (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) to Chlorella Vulgaris will be described and compared to a previous study using three metals (Pb,Cu,Zn) in solution. The binding capacity of Chlorella Vulgaris to four elements simultaneously increases with time, mass of algae, and up to a temperature of about 20.0°C. The equilibrium points for binding three metals simultaneously are at pH=4.55, with 7 mg of algae, and after 2.0 hrs. in a 5 ml aliquot of the solution. In the four metal system, the optimum values are significantly higher while the binding capacity is reduced. The competition between metals for binding sites in the algal cells is governed by kinetic properties as related to the pH, mass of algae, time, and concentration of solution. The binding process is also dependent upon thermodynamics with respect to the temperature of the solution.     

磁性碳基磺酸化固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化水解纤维素

以纤维素和硝酸铁为原料,发烟硫酸为磺酸化试剂,采用热解法合成了磁性碳基磺酸化固体酸催化剂(Fe/C-SO3H).利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪和振动样品磁强计(VSM)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,评价了催化剂在纤维素水解反应中的催化活性.结果表明,Fe是以γ-Fe2O3的形式存在于碳本体中,催化剂呈现超顺磁性.对于纤维素的水解反应,在优化条件下,纤维素的转化率可达40.6%.此外,催化剂可稳定分散于反应体系中,并在外加磁场作用下可快速与反应体系分离.但催化剂重复使用时催化活性有所下降,其失活原因经初步认定是由于表面部分磺酸基团在反应过程中脱落.     

New class of β-aminoalcohol ligands derived from isosorbide and isomannide: application in hydrogen transfer reduction of prochiral ketones

Starting from isosorbide and isomannide, two by-products from the starch industry, a family of chiral functionalized β-aminoalcohols presenting a THF ring has been synthesized as potential ligands for hydrogen transfer reduction of prochiral ketones. Under optimal conditions, more than 70% ee with an excellent conversion were obtained for the HTR of the acetophenone.     

Heterogeneous fixation of N2: Investigation of a novel mechanism for formation of NO

Formation of NO initiated by heterogeneous fixation of N₂ during pyrolysis is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were conducted with beech wood as well as with the pure biomass components cellulose, xylan, and lignin. The NO formation during char oxidation was recorded as function of pyrolysis atmosphere (N₂ or Ar), pyrolysis temperature (700–1050 °C), and oxidizing atmosphere (O₂ in N₂ or Ar). The results confirm earlier reports that biomass char may be enriched in N during pyrolysis at 900 °C and above. The N-uptake involves re-capture of N-volatiles as well as uptake of N₂. During char oxidation, the captured N is partly oxidized to NO, resulting in increased NO formation. The NO yield from oxidation of beech wood char made in N₂ increases with pyrolysis temperature, and is about a factor of two higher at 1050 °C than the corresponding yield from chars made in Ar. The experiments with pure materials show that the lignin char has the strongest ability to form NO from uptake of N₂, while xylan char forms only small amounts of NO from N₂. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on model chars have revealed a number of chemisorption sites for N₂, many of which are weakly bound and therefore expected to have a short half-life at the higher pyrolysis temperatures. However, the chemisorption of N₂ across a single ring of the armchair surface was found to have an activation energy of 344 ± 30 kJ mol⁻¹ and form a stable, exothermic product with cyano groups. This demonstrates that at least one channel exists for the high-temperature incorporation of N₂ into a char which could give rise to the observed increase in NO release in subsequent char oxidation.     

基于TSAVI的OLI模拟数据翅碱蓬生物量反演研究

翅碱蓬是辽东湾北部滨海湿地一种典型的植被,其生物量的评估对了解滨海湿地生态系统生产力,生态系统机构和功能的形成具有十分重要的作用。而翅碱蓬覆盖度不均一,特别是自然状态下的覆盖度较低,土壤背景影响严重。将基于模拟Landsat 8 OLI数据的转换型土壤调整指数(transformed soil adjusted vegetation index,TSAVI)作为自变量,与地面实测生物量进行回归分析,构建了翅碱蓬群落生物量反演模型。结果表明：TSAVI(红光600～687 nm,近红外820～880 nm)与生物量的相关性显著,相关系数在0.9左右,最高相关系数可达0.92;线性、二次多项式优于对数、指数和幂模型,模型拟合优度r2都为0.83,再结合模型的F值和运算效率,认为线性模型是反演成熟翅碱蓬生物量的最优模型。最后,实现了研究区域Landsat 8 OLI卫星遥感数据翅碱蓬群落生物量反演及模型验证,估算值和实测值的相关系数r为0.962,平均相对误差为0.106,翅碱蓬覆盖度越大,相对误差越低,覆盖度低的翅碱蓬生物量反演的相对误差在0.18左右,表明所建立的线性反演模型在高、低覆盖度时均具有良好的反演精度;此外,还人为地将模型中土壤线系数a和b引入±5%扰动,扰动后的反演结果平均相对误差比较稳定,相关系数有所降低,但都在0.9以上,表明所建立反演模型具有较好的稳定性。     

基于天宫一号高光谱数据的荒漠化地区稀疏植被参量估测

为了精准地估测荒漠化地区的稀疏植被信息,选取内蒙古苏尼特右旗为研究区,以天宫一号高光谱数据为数据源,结合野外实地调查数据,通过归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)和土壤调节植被指数(soil adjusted vegetation index, SAVI)对研究区内的植被覆盖度和生物量进行反演,并对比两种植被指数的优劣。首先,分析了每种波段组合下的植被指数与覆盖度、生物量的相关性,确定了最大相关的波段组合。覆盖度和生物量与NDVI的最大相关系数可达0.7左右,而与SAVI的最大相关系数可达0.8左右。NDVI的最佳波段组合的红光波段中心波长为630 nm,近红外波段的中心波长为910 nm,而SAVI的组合为620和920 nm。其次,分别构建了两种植被指数与覆盖度、生物量之间的线性回归模型,所建模型的R2均能达到0.5以上。SAVI所建模型R2要比NDVI略高,其中植被覆盖度的反演模型R2高达0.59。经留一交叉验证,SAVI所建模型的均方根误差RMSE也比基于NDVI的模型小。结果表明：天宫一号高光谱数据丰富的光谱信息能有效地反映地表植被的真实情况,并且SAVI比NDVI更能较为精准地估测荒漠化地区的稀疏植被信息。     

基于优化光谱指数的牧草生物量估算

牧草生物量是天然和人工草场产出的一个重要指标,能直接反映牧草的长势,它的实时监测是制定合理的草地管理和放牧制度的前提。然而,传统的样方法费时、费力很难满足草地生物量监测的实时性要求。近年来,随着高光谱遥感的发展,为草地的快速、无损的监测提供了可能。通过对内蒙古天然和人工草地生物量及其冠层光谱数据分析,探讨了不同类型光谱指数在估算牧草生物量的鲁棒性。研究表明,由于冠层结构和生物量的影响,不同类型草地冠层的光谱反射存在巨大的差异,从而使现有光谱指数对天然草地和不同品种人工草地牧草生物量的预测能力存在显著的差异(R2=0.00～0.65)。在荒漠草原低生物量的条件下,受土壤背景影响不同光谱指数预测能力较小,而在青贮玉米高生物量条件下,基于红光的光谱指数容易发生饱和失去敏感性。把不同草地类型的数据结合后进行简单比率和归一化窄波段光谱指数的波段优化,与出版的光谱指数相比优化后的归一化光谱指数(normalized difference spectral index, NDSI）显著提高了牧草生物量的预测能力,预测生物量模型的决定系数最高(R2=0.72)。敏感性分析进一步证明了基于波段优化算法的优化光谱指数NDSI,(ration spectral index, RSI）有最低的噪声,从而能更好的预测牧草生物量。波段优化算法可以有效提高遥感估算草地牧草生物量的精度,光谱指数及其优化波段的选择会直接影响模型的预测能力。