碱性电解液中K3[Fe(CN)6]在锌阳极上的自发还原和吸附延长锌镍电池的循环寿命

In view of the continuously worsening environmental problems, fossil fuels will not be able to support the development of human life in the future. Hence, it is of great importance to work on the efficient utilization of cleaner energy resources. In this case, cheap, reliable, and eco-friendly grid-scale energy storage systems can play a key role in optimizing our energy usage. When compared with lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, the excellent safety, environmental benignity, and low toxicity of aqueous Zn-based batteries make them competitive in the context of large-scale energy storage. Among the various Zn-based batteries, due to a high open-circuit voltage and excellent rate performance, Zn-Ni batteries have great potential in practical applications. Nevertheless, the intrinsic obstacles associated with the use of Zn anodes in alkaline electrolytes, such as dendrite, shape change, passivation, and corrosion, limit their commercial application. Hence, we have focused our current efforts on inhibiting the corrosion and dissolution of Zn species. Based on a previous study from our research group, the failure of the Zn-Ni battery was caused by the shape change of the Zn anode, which stemmed from the dissolution of Zn and uneven current distribution on the anode. Therefore, for the current study, we selected K₃[Fe(CN)₆] as an electrolyte additive that would help minimize the corrosion and dissolution of the Zn anode. In the alkaline electrolyte, [Fe(CN)₆]^3– was reduced to [Fe(CN)₆]^4– by the metallic Zn present in the Zn-Ni battery. Owing to its low solubility in the electrolyte, K₄[Fe(CN)₆] adhered to the active Zn anode, thereby inhibiting the aggregation and corrosion of Zn. Ultimately, the shape change of the anode was effectively eliminated, which improved the cycling life of the Zn-Ni battery by more than three times (i.e., from 124 cycles to more than 423 cycles). As for capacity retention, the Zn-Ni battery with the pristine electrolyte only exhibited 40% capacity retention after 85 cycles, while the Zn-Ni battery with the modified electrolyte (i.e., containing K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) showed 72% capacity retention. Moreover, unlike conventional organic additives that increase electrode polarization, the addition of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] not only significantly reduced the charge-transfer resistance in a simplified three-electrode system, but also improved the discharge capacity and rate performance of the Zn-Ni battery. Importantly, considering that this strategy was easy to achieve and minimized additional costs, K₃[Fe(CN)₆], as an electrolyte additive with almost no negative effect, has tremendous potential in commercial Zn-Ni batteries.     

国内外典型教材的热力学教学内容及教学思路比较

目前物理化学教学在“量子先行”和“热力学先行”两种策略的选择上依然存在争论,热力学是物理化学的重要组成部分,本文分析和比较了国内外10本典型教材在热力学教学内容安排上的现状,提出了发展方向和建议,希望对物理化学教学和教材建设提供依据。     

利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

Selective hydrogenation is a vital class of reaction. Various unsaturated functional groups in organic compounds, such as aromatic rings, alkynyl (C≡C), carbonyl (C＝O), nitro (-NO₂), and alkenyl (C＝C) groups, are typical targets in selective hydrogenation. Therefore, selectivity is a key indicator of the efficiency of a designed hydrogenation reaction. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is an important platform compound in the context of biomass conversion, and recently, the hydrogenation of HMF to produce fuels and other valuable chemicals has received significant attention. Controlling the selectivity of HMF hydrogenation is paramount because of the different reducible functional groups (C＝O, C-OH, and C＝C) in HMF. Moreover, the exploration of new routes for hydrogenating HMF to valuable chemicals is becoming attractive. 5-Methylfurfural (MF) is also an important organic compound; thus, the selective hydrogenation of HMF to MF is an essential synthetic route. However, this reaction has challenging thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, making it difficult to realize. Herein, we propose a strategy to design a highly efficient catalytic system for selective hydrogenation by exploiting the synergy between steric hindrance and hydrogen spillover. The design and preparation of the Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅ catalyst (PVP = polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Nb₂O₅ = niobium(V) oxide) were also conducted. Surprisingly, HMF could be converted to MF with 92% selectivity at 100% HMF conversion. The reaction pathway was revealed through the combination of control experiments and density functional theory calculations. Although PVP blocked HMF from accessing the surface of Pt, hydrogen (H₂) could be activated on the surface of Pt due to its small molecular size, and the activated H₂ could migrate to the surface of Nb₂O₅ through a phenomenon called H₂ spillover. The Lewis acidic surface of Nb₂O₅ could not adsorb the C＝O group but could adsorb and activate the C-OH group of HMF; therefore, when HMF was adsorbed on Nb₂O₅, the C-OH groups were hydrogenated by the spilled over H₂ to form MF. The high selectivity of this reaction was realized because of the unique combination of steric effects, hydrogen spillover, and tuning of the electronic states of the Pt and Nb₂O₅ surfaces. This new route for producing MF has great potential for practical application owing to its discovered advantages. We believe that this novel strategy can be used to design catalysts for other selective hydrogenation reactions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a significant breakthrough in selective hydrogenation, which will be of interest to researchers working on the utilization of biomass, organic synthesis, catalysis, and other related fields.      

聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺结构泡沫的极低温环境稳定性

采用甲基丙烯腈(MAN)与甲基丙烯酸(MAA)作为共聚单体,通过自由基本体共聚合反应首先制备MAN-MAA共聚树脂板;然后,经加热发泡得到聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)硬质闭孔结构泡沫.研究发现,所制备PMI泡沫在室温下具有优良的力学性能、耐热性能及隔热性能;经液氢(LH₂：-253℃)和液氧(LO₂：-183℃)极低温环境处理1 h后,PMI泡沫仍表现出优良的化学结构及综合性能稳定性;在-150℃下,PMI泡沫的压缩强度和压缩模量高于室温(25℃),拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别达到室温的70%和48%.     

氧化还原媒介体分子调控锂-硫电池硫正极性能研究进展

锂-硫(Li-S)电池具有较高的理论比容量(约1 675 mAh·g^-1)和能量密度(约2 600 Wh·g^-1),被认为是继锂离子电池之后最有前途的下一代高能量密度电池.Li-S电池在实现产业化之前需要克服硫正极诸多技术瓶颈,主要有硫的导电性差、多硫化物的穿梭效应与硫电极体积膨胀等.本文着重梳理了氧化还原媒介体分子在硫正极改性研究上的进展,并对硫正极的未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

介孔结构CeO2对丙酮的敏感响应研究

采用水热法一步合成制备了一种多面体介孔结构CeO₂,并用于有机挥发性气体的检测。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察形貌、尺寸和结构,X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析其晶体结构和化学成分,利用全自动气体吸附分析仪分析其孔径大小。结果表明：制备的CeO₂为多面体介孔结构,孔隙主要孔径小于4 nm。CeO₂传感器在240℃时响应最佳,对100 cm³/m³甲醇、甲醛、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、乙二醇和二甲苯等气体的检测中,丙酮气体的响应值最高为550%,其对应的响应和恢复时间分别为16 s和4 s。该传感器在60 d内具有较高的稳定性,相对标准偏差值(RSD)为2.0%。     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO （OH）₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。     

综合创新实验:Zn-LiFePO4软包装电池的制备与性能表征

以LiFePO₄为正极、Zn箔为负极,以Li₂SO₄+ZnSO₄的饱和蔗糖溶液为电解液,利用自封袋、无纺布、不锈钢网等材料组装制备了软包装电池。通过循环伏安曲线、充放电曲线、LED灯测试等方法对电池性能进行了评估。该实验可操作性强且易重复,所用材料环境友好、安全性高、价格便宜,测试仪器简单,不需要干燥间或手套箱等复杂设备,学生在普通化学实验室就可以亲身体验软包装电池的制备流程,直观感受化学能与电能之间的转化,并深入理解氧化还原反应过程及储能电池工作原理。     

物理化学中的热力学方法、拓展及应用

主要依托物理化学中的热力学基本原理,浅议热力学方法、简介化工热力学方法和工程热力学方法及应用等。热力学方法主要有循环法、特性函数法、变量变换法、标准状态法、平衡法及极值法、微元法等,并归纳了各种方法的特点、作用及意义。对于学生学习物理化学中的热力学,具有一定的指导意义,拓展了热力学的基本知识。     

醚链改性聚环氧乙烷的合成及性能研究

考察烷基磷酸铝催化剂i-Bu₃Al/H₃PO₄/DBU催化环氧乙烷(EO)、甘醇甲基缩水甘油醚(nGE)与烯丙基缩水甘油醚(AGE)二元及三元共聚合的催化性能,通过核磁共振波谱(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和示差扫描量热仪(DSC)对共聚物微观结构和热性能进行表征分析。结果表明25℃甲苯溶剂中,i-Bu₃Al/H₃PO₄/DBU催化剂可以高效催化不同比例的EO、nGE和AGE共聚合,以100%收率获得组成精确可控的高分子量EO-nGE二元及EO-AGE-nGE三元无规共聚物;nGE的醚链长度对聚合性能无影响,二甘醇甲基缩水甘油醚(2GE)和四甘醇甲基缩水甘油醚(4GE)均可实现可控引入聚环氧乙烷制备醚链改性聚环氧乙烷。EO-AGE-nGE三元共聚物以1,2-乙二硫醇为交联剂制备了交联聚合物。测试醚链改性聚环氧乙烷的性能,发现醚链长度、含量及交联对聚合物电导率和力学性能有很大影响。4GE为共聚单体的聚环氧乙烷电导率高于2GE。随着醚链含量增大,聚合物电导...