基于异形微结构表面的低表面能工质液滴润湿特性研究

尺寸效应是探索异形微结构表面液滴润湿特性的研究基础。本文以单凹角异形微结构和双凹角异形微结构为研究对象,通过数值模拟,得到了微结构的几何参数尺寸与低表面能液滴润湿特性间的变化规律。对于单凹角异形微结构,临界本征接触角随着悬臂长度减小呈指数增加,微结构间的间距直接影响着表观接触角的大小,悬臂高度的增加不利于疏液状态的实现。对于双凹角异形微结构,悬臂长度和悬臂高度不是影响液滴润湿的主要因素,微结构间的间距和支柱高度共同作用下决定了液滴润湿状态。     

直接带隙半导体In2(PS3)3单层结构与电子特性的第一性原理研究

高载流子迁移率和可调直接带隙是低维电子器件应用的两个关键特性.但目前发现的此类二维材料稀少.鉴于此在第一性原理计算的基础上,本文系统研究了In₂(PS₃)₃单层的稳定性、电子结构性质和机械性质.研究结果表明,In₂(PS₃)₃单层是具有直接带隙的半导体材料(1.58 eV).在-3%到3%应变下,In₂(PS₃)₃单层的带隙是可以调节的(1.3～1.8 eV).声子谱、分子动力学和弹性常数的计算结果表明,In₂(PS₃)₃单层是热力学、动力学和机械稳定的.此外,In₂(PS₃)₃单层的剥离能(0.21 J m^-2)小于石墨烯的剥离能(0.36 J m^-2),有望像石墨烯一样机械剥离得到.这些优异的的性能使得In     

50~250 keV质子入射SiC和Si靶时的电子发射特性研究

在中国科学院近代物理研究所兰州重离子加速器国家实验室测量了能量范围为50~250 keV 的质子入射碳化硅靶和硅靶表面的电子发射产额。实验结果发现,两种半导体靶材的电子发射产额随质子入射能量变化趋势均与作用过程中电子能损随质子入射能量的变化趋势相似。通过分析电子发射的能量来源,发现实验中电子发射产额主要由动能电子发射产额贡献,势能电子发射产额可以忽略不计。两种靶材的电子发射产额均近似地正比于质子入射靶材过程中的电子能损,比例系数B随入射能量略有变化。     

基于最小Csiszár’s I-散度的高精度深度定位方法*

模态波束形成技术可用于水下目标定位,在深度定位方面,其定位精度(百米量级)往往不能满足实际需求;因此,高精度的深度定位方法需要被探索。传统高精度估计方法,如最小方差无畸变响应,面临着许多问题,如需要大量的快拍样本数等。最小Csiszár’s I-散度的迭代算法可以解决线性系统的求逆问题,但需满足系统的非负性条件,在图像的去模糊领域已得到广泛应用。该文将此算法和模态波束形成技术相结合,提出了一种新的高精度深度定位方法。基于SWellEx-96实验的海洋环境参数,分别用仿真和实验数据验证了该方法的以下性能：实现深度的高精度定位且抑制旁瓣能量;在小快拍数的情况下,深度定位性能良好。     

Co3O4/UiO-66@α-Al2O3陶瓷膜对VOCs废气的分离催化性能

以α-Al₂O₃为支撑层, UiO-66为分离层, Co₃O₄为催化层, 构建了Co₃O₄/UiO-66@α-Al₂O₃陶瓷膜.对其形貌结构进行了表征, 并研究了其对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的分离催化性能. 结果表明, 该陶瓷膜对喷涂行业废气中苯与吡啶两种主要成分体现出良好的分离性, 透过侧的气体中吡啶与苯的摩尔浓度比值可由给料侧的1提高至17; 体系中引入臭氧后, 给料侧苯的浓度明显降低, 其去除率可达到89%. 透过侧的吡啶去除率仅为27%, 得到了较大程度的保留, 剩余的吡啶经收集后可进行单独的深度处理. Co₃O₄/UiO-66@α-Al₂O₃陶瓷膜在对喷涂行业废气中苯成分高效降解的同时, 能够有效解决喷涂行业废气处理过程中氮氧化物的排放问题, 有望成为喷涂行业废气预处理工艺的理想选择.     

有机半导体非平衡态HOMO和LUMO能量位移规律与OLED中“热激子”形成的唯象理解

以能斯特方程为基础, 通过分析电流密度与氧化还原物种活度变化, 即载流子浓度变化的关系, 计算出有机半导体材料电极电势的变化, 从而建立起有机半导体前线轨道, 即最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级和最低未被占据分子轨道(LUMO)能级相对于热力学平衡态的能量位移随电流密度变化的数学关系. 进而依据能级能量位移引起的能隙变化, 提出了有机电致发光显示器（OLED）中“热激子”的产生机制.     

表面限域掺杂提升高比能正极材料稳定性

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have broad applications in a wide variety of a fields pertaining to energy storage devices. In line with the increasing demand in emerging areas such as long-range electric vehicles and smart grids, there is a continuous effort to achieve high energy by maximizing the reversible capacity of electrode materials, particularly cathode materials. However, in recent years, with the continuous enhancement of battery energy density, safety issues have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, becoming a non-negligible factor in determining whether the electric vehicle industry has a foothold. The key issue in the development of battery systems with high specific energies is the intrinsic instability of the cathode, with the accompanying question of safety. The failure mechanism and stability of high-specific-capacity cathode materials for the next generation of LIBs, including nickel-rich cathodes, high-voltage spinel cathodes, and lithium-rich layered cathodes, have attracted extensive research attention. Systematic studies related to the intrinsic physical and chemical properties of different cathodes are crucial to elucidate the instability mechanisms of positive active materials. Factors that these studies must address include the stability under extended electrochemical cycles with respect to dissolution of metal ions in LiPF₆-based electrolytes due to HF corrosion of the electrode; cation mixing due to the similarity in radius between Li⁺ and Ni²⁺; oxygen evolution when the cathode is charged to a high voltage; the origin of cracks generated during repeated charge/discharge processes arising from the anisotropy of the cell parameters; and electrolyte decomposition when traces of water are present. Regulating the surface nanostructure and bulk crystal lattice of electrode materials is an effective way to meet the demand for cathode materials with high energy density and outstanding stability. Surface modification treatment of positive active materials can slow side reactions and the loss of active material, thereby extending the life of the cathode material and improving the safety of the battery. This review is targeted at the failure mechanisms related to the electrochemical cycle, and a synthetic strategy to ameliorate the properties of cathode surface locations, with the electrochemical performance optimized by accurate surface control. From the perspective of the main stability and safety issues of high-energy cathode materials during the electrochemical cycle, a detailed discussion is presented on the current understanding of the mechanism of performance failure. It is crucial to seek out favorable strategies in response to the failures. Considering the surface structure of the cathode in relation to the stability issue, a newly developed protocol, known as surface-localized doping, which can exist in different states to modify the surface properties of high-energy cathodes, is discussed as a means of ensuring significantly improved stability and safety. Finally, we envision the future challenges and possible research directions related to the stability control of next-generation high-energy cathode materials.     

Ti-6Al-4V微弧氧化陶瓷膜的微观结构及摩擦磨损性能研究

在NaAlO2和Na3PO4混合电解液中,利用微弧氧化技术在Ti-6Al-4V表面制备了氧化物陶瓷膜.用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及显微硬度仪分别对微弧氧化膜的微观结构、相组成及其断面硬度进行分析,并对氧化膜致密层的摩擦磨损性能进行研究.结果表明:氧化膜表面呈现出多孔结构,氧化膜疏松层与致密层无明显界限,氧化膜与基底以犬牙交错形式结合;氧化膜主要由TiAl2O5和TiO2相组成,还含有少量AlPO4相和Al2O3相,氧化膜疏松层中TiAl2O5相的含量明显高于致密层;氧化膜内距Ti-6Al-4V基底约21 μm处的硬度存在最大值,两侧硬度降低;微弧氧化膜与Si3N4球对摩时具有较高的摩擦系数,磨损率比Ti-6Al-4V降低2个数量级,说明氧化膜致密层具有良好的耐磨性能,其磨损机制为微区脆性断裂.     

几种酰胺类化合物作为添加剂对钢—钢和钢—铝摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响

采用四球摩擦磨损试验机和SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了 4种酰胺化合物对钢 -钢和钢 -铝摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响 ,用X射线光电子能谱 (XPS)分析了丙烯酰胺润滑下铝合金磨斑表面元素的化学状态 .结果表明 :对钢 -钢摩擦副 ,酰胺类化合物表现出一定的抗磨减摩作用 ,对钢 -铝摩擦副 ,丙烯酰胺和乙酰胺表现出良好的抗磨减摩性能 .XPS分析结果显示 ,铝合金磨斑表面存在 3种价态的氮的化合物及 2种价态的铝 ,表明其磨损表面生成了复杂的反应膜     

反射式动态云纹法实验研究

在沙丁机基础上，实现了反射式动态云纹测量法。该法可用于不透明模型的动态位移，应变及应力场的研究。