利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

Selective hydrogenation is a vital class of reaction. Various unsaturated functional groups in organic compounds, such as aromatic rings, alkynyl (C≡C), carbonyl (C＝O), nitro (-NO₂), and alkenyl (C＝C) groups, are typical targets in selective hydrogenation. Therefore, selectivity is a key indicator of the efficiency of a designed hydrogenation reaction. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is an important platform compound in the context of biomass conversion, and recently, the hydrogenation of HMF to produce fuels and other valuable chemicals has received significant attention. Controlling the selectivity of HMF hydrogenation is paramount because of the different reducible functional groups (C＝O, C-OH, and C＝C) in HMF. Moreover, the exploration of new routes for hydrogenating HMF to valuable chemicals is becoming attractive. 5-Methylfurfural (MF) is also an important organic compound; thus, the selective hydrogenation of HMF to MF is an essential synthetic route. However, this reaction has challenging thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, making it difficult to realize. Herein, we propose a strategy to design a highly efficient catalytic system for selective hydrogenation by exploiting the synergy between steric hindrance and hydrogen spillover. The design and preparation of the Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅ catalyst (PVP = polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Nb₂O₅ = niobium(V) oxide) were also conducted. Surprisingly, HMF could be converted to MF with 92% selectivity at 100% HMF conversion. The reaction pathway was revealed through the combination of control experiments and density functional theory calculations. Although PVP blocked HMF from accessing the surface of Pt, hydrogen (H₂) could be activated on the surface of Pt due to its small molecular size, and the activated H₂ could migrate to the surface of Nb₂O₅ through a phenomenon called H₂ spillover. The Lewis acidic surface of Nb₂O₅ could not adsorb the C＝O group but could adsorb and activate the C-OH group of HMF; therefore, when HMF was adsorbed on Nb₂O₅, the C-OH groups were hydrogenated by the spilled over H₂ to form MF. The high selectivity of this reaction was realized because of the unique combination of steric effects, hydrogen spillover, and tuning of the electronic states of the Pt and Nb₂O₅ surfaces. This new route for producing MF has great potential for practical application owing to its discovered advantages. We believe that this novel strategy can be used to design catalysts for other selective hydrogenation reactions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a significant breakthrough in selective hydrogenation, which will be of interest to researchers working on the utilization of biomass, organic synthesis, catalysis, and other related fields.      

纳米SiC基光催化剂研究进展

Industrialization undoubtedly boosts economic development and improves the standard of living; however, it also leads to some serious problems, including the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and global warming. These problems are associated with or caused by the high carbon dioxide (CO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Photocatalysis is considered one of the most promising technologies for eliminating these problems because of the possibility of converting CO₂ into hydrocarbon fuels and other valuable chemicals using solar energy, hydrogen (H₂) production from water (H₂O) electrolysis, and degradation of pollutants. Among the various photocatalysts, silicon carbide (SiC) has great potential in the fields of photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and electrocatalysis because of its good electrical properties and photoelectrochemistry. This review is divided into six sections: introduction, fundamentals of nanostructured SiC, synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, applications of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, and conclusions and prospects. The fundamentals of nanostructured SiC include its physicochemical characteristics. It possesses a range of unique physical properties, such as extreme hardness, high mechanical stability at high temperatures, a low thermal expansion coefficient, wide bandgap, and superior thermal conductivity. It also possesses exceptional chemical characteristics, such as high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC have been systematically summarized as follows: Template growth, sol-gel, organic precursor pyrolysis, solvothermal synthesis, arc discharge, carbon thermal reduction, and electrospinning. These synthesis methods require high temperatures, and the reaction mechanism involves SiC formation via the reaction between carbon and silicon oxide. In the section of the review involving the strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, seven strategies are discussed, viz., element doping, construction of Z-scheme (or S-scheme) systems, supported co-catalysts, visible photosensitization, construction of semiconductor heterojunctions, supported carbon materials, and construction of nanostructures. All of these strategies, except element doping and visible photosensitization, concentrate on enhancing the separation of holes and electrons, while suppressing their recombination, thus improving the photocatalytic performance of the nanostructured SiC photocatalysts. Regarding the element doping and visible photosensitization strategies, element doping can narrow the bandgap of SiC, which generates more holes and electrons to improve photocatalytic activity. On the other hand, the principle of visible photosensitization is that photo-induced electrons move from photosensitizers to the conduction band of SiC to participate in the reaction, thus enhancing the photocatalytic performance. In the section on the applications of nanostructured SiC, photocatalytic H₂ production, pollutant degradation, CO₂ reduction, photoelectrocatalytic, and electrocatalytic applications will be discussed. The mechanism of a photocatalytic reaction requires the SiC photocatalyst to produce photo-induced electrons and holes during irradiation, which participate in the photocatalytic reaction. For example, photo-induced electrons can transform protons into H₂, as well as CO₂ into methane, methanol, or formic acid. Furthermore, photo-induced holes can convert organic waste into H₂O and CO₂. For photoelectrocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications, SiC is used as a catalyst under high temperatures and highly acidic or basic environments because of its remarkable physicochemical characteristics, including low thermal expansion, superior thermal conductivity, and high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The last section of the review will reveal the major obstacles impeding the industrial application of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, such as insufficient visible absorption, slow reaction kinetics, and hard fabrication, as well as provide some ideas on how to overcome these obstacles.      

Rh@Pt内凹立方体核壳催化剂的制备及其乙醇电氧化性能

贵金属Rh基催化剂可有效催化乙醇中C―C键断裂,有利于实现乙醇完全电氧化,但Rh催化剂对乙醇电氧化的催化活性较低。本文通过种子介导生长法制备了具有内凹立方体形貌的Rh@Pt/C核壳催化剂,考察了不同Pt壳层厚度的Rh@Pt/C核壳催化剂在碱性介质中对乙醇电氧化反应(EOR)的催化性能。其中Rh@Pt_0.25/C核壳催化剂对EOR的质量归一化电流最高为520 mA/mg,此时面积归一化电流也最高,为0.16 mA/cm²。研究表明,Rh@Pt/C核壳催化剂中Rh和Pt之间的表面应变效应和电子配体效应取决于Rh表面Pt壳层的厚度,Pt壳层厚度的改变,可调控催化剂中Rh和Pt的协同作用,从而减弱毒性中间体对催化剂表面的吸附,优化催化剂对EOR的性能。总体上,Rh表面Pt壳层为3层的Rh@Pt_0.25/C核壳催化剂表现出最优的EOR活性和稳定性,此时催化剂也兼具了较优的抗毒化能力。     

“铁盐+空气”催化氧化体系在绿色交叉偶联反应中的应用——推荐一个本科生科研训练项目

为深入开展创新创业教育与实践,培养学生创新创业能力,提高本科生人才培养质量,进一步推动创新创业教育改革,南开大学开展了“国家级大学生创新创业训练计划”项目。化学学院结合学科自身特点,践行科教融合、理论联系实际的培养方法,不仅能够引导本科生积极参加科研训练,还能将本科生的创新结果应用于实际生产中。实现“科研反哺教学”与“教学支撑科研”这样一个相互补充、相互促进的统一体。本文介绍了一组比较典型的本科生参与“国创”项目的例子,从项目准备入手介绍了该“国创”项目的具体实施过程、同学们所遇困难及收获心得等,希望将我们积累的一些经验与化学相关专业的同学分享,助力他们更好地完成创新项目。     

硼、磷共掺杂铁钴双金属材料的制备及其电催化析氧性能

采用一步水热法合成了硼、磷共掺杂铁钴材料(Fe-Co-B-P)。借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等技术对所合成材料的形貌、结构和组成进行表征。利用线性扫描伏安(LSV)、循环伏安(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等技术研究材料电化学析氧反应(OER)性能。结果表明,Fe-Co-B-P表面疏松且粗糙,颗粒间有许多空隙。在电流密度为10和100 mA·cm^-2时,其过电势分别为278和309 mV,Tafel斜率为24 mV·dec^-1,说明该材料具有较优的电催化析氧性能。其在连续进行10 h的计时电位测试过程中,电势基本保持在1.55 V(vs RHE),表明该催化剂具有较好的电化学稳定性。这是由于铁钴双金属与硼、磷非金属之间的协同作用促进了电子的传递。     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO （OH）₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。     

定量核磁共振波谱法测定3种低聚果糖的含量北大核心CSCD

以蔗糖为内标物,氘代水为溶剂,采用氢-1核磁共振波谱法(1H-NMR)测定蔗果七糖、蔗果八糖、蔗果九糖等3种低聚果糖(FOS)的含量。优化后的1H-NMR参数如下:温度25℃,谱宽(2~14)×10^(-6),脉冲角度45°,脉冲延迟时间5 s,采样时间3 s,扫描次数16次。对蔗果七糖、蔗果八糖和蔗果九糖样品进行了仪器精密度和重复性试验,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于0.50%。方法用于测定3种样品含量,测定结果与质量平衡法所得结果进行了比较,经F检验法评估,两种方法具有显著性差异。但由于定量核磁共振波谱法作为绝对含量的测定方法,仅需常见的化学品即可直接对待测成分进行测定,可以佐证质量平衡法的赋值结果。     

离子液体修饰对Cu/USY催化乙炔氢氯化反应性能的影响

为了提高Cu/USY催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中的催化活性,设计并成功制备了一系列离子液体修饰的分子筛负载的铜基催化剂(Cu@TPPB/USY).当铜和TPPB的百分含量均为15时,在反应温度为160℃,乙炔气体空速为120 h-1,氯化氢与乙炔的摩尔比为1.25:1的条件下,催化剂的乙炔转化率提升了1.17倍,氯乙烯选择性一直保持在98%以上.结合催化剂的傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、 N2物理吸脱附(BET)、热重分析(TG)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电镜(TEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)的表征,认为TPPB的修饰不仅可以促进催化剂中Cu物种的分散,抑制其还原和流失,还能减少催化剂表面积碳、增强Cu活性物种与载体间的相互作用力,有效地提高Cu/USY催化剂的催化活性.     

泡沫镍铁合金自支撑NiFeOOH纳米片的制备及析氧性能研究

电催化析氧反应(OER)是电解水制氢的重要半电池反应。然而,OER的缓慢动力学仍需研究高效的电催化剂。在非贵金属催化剂中,NiFe基材料是OER催化剂研究热点。本文通过食人鱼溶液简单一步浸渍刻蚀法将不同Fe含量的泡沫NiFe合金进行氧化,制备了表面具有纳米片形貌的NiFeOOH自支撑电催化剂,并深入研究其电催化析氧性能。通过SEM、XRD、XPS等对电催化剂的形貌结构及成分进行表征,证实了三维多孔基底上NiFeOOH纳米片结构的形成。由于高价镍、铁物种的存在以及二维纳米片结构的生成,NiFeOOH/NF的析氧性能大幅度提高,在10 mA?cm-2的电流密度下过电位仅155.68 mV,Tafel斜率为 88.2 mV?dec-1。这为研制高效、耐用的自支撑非贵金属电极提供了新思路。     

连续流动条件下含氮Beta分子筛催化甲缩醛-异丁烯Prins反应

采用高温氨气氮化法,制备了一系列含氮Beta分子筛样品,并在连续流动条件下,考察了其催化甲缩醛与异丁烯经Prins缩合制异戊二烯的反应性能.利用XRD、 N₂吸附/脱附、元素分析、 ²⁹SiMAS NMR、 NH₃-TPD、 CO₂-TPD和TG等方法对氮化分子筛的结构、酸碱性和反应后积碳进行了表征,研究了反应条件及样品的酸碱性对反应性能的影响.结果表明,以35%甲缩醛水溶液为反应物,在320℃、 2 MPa、异丁烯与甲缩醛摩尔比为7的适宜条件下,铵型Beta为前驱体制备的催化剂对甲缩醛的转化率达99%,异戊二烯的产率达85%.氮化后少量的酸性位和较多的碱性位有利于维持甲缩醛较高的转化率、较高的异戊二烯产率及较低的反应积碳量.催化剂再生6次后仍保持75%异戊二烯产率,样品中Si―N键削弱导致酸碱性变化是再生后反应性能下降的主要原因.