Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review

Growing fruit and vegetable processing industries generates a huge amount of by-products in the form of seed, skin, pomace, and rind containing a substantial quantity of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, and dietary fiber. These processing wastes are considered to be of negligible value compared to the processed fruit or vegetable due to lack of sustainable extraction technique. Conventional extraction has certain limitations in terms of time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) can extract bioactive components in very less time, at low temperature, with lesser energy and solvent requirement. UAE as a non-thermal extraction technique is better equipped to retain the functionality of the bioactive compounds. However, the variables associated with UAE such as frequency, power, duty cycle, temperature, time, solvent type, liquid-solid ratio needs to be understood and optimized for each by-product. This article provides a review of mechanism, concept, factor affecting extraction of bioactive compounds with particular focus on fruit and vegetable by-products.     

同位素稀释-气相色谱-质谱法测定食用植物油中总氯丙醇脂肪酸酯

建立了食用植物油中总氯丙醇脂肪酸酯(氯丙醇酯)的同位素稀释-气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测方法。样品经甲醇钠-甲醇溶液水解,硅藻土小柱净化,七氟丁酰咪唑(HFBI)衍生后,GC-MS 检测,同位素内标法定量。3-MCPD 酯、2-MCPD 酯、1,3-DCP 酯和2,3-DCP 酯在0.050~2.000 mg/ L 浓度范围内,均呈良好线性相关,相关系数(R)均大于0.9995。3-MCPD 酯、2-MCPD 酯、1,3-DCP 酯和2,3-DCP 酯的检出限分别为0.015,0.015,0.030和0.030 mg/ kg,定量限分别为0.050,0.050,0.100和0.100 mg/ kg。以空白特级初榨橄榄油为空白基质的加标回收实验的平均回收率为87.0%~110.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10.1%。在74份食用植物油样品中,3-MCPD 酯、2-MCPD 酯和1,3-DCP 酯的检出率分别为94.6%,63.5%和5.4%,未检出2,3-DCP 酯;3-MCPD 酯、2-MCPD 酯和1,3-DCP 酯的含量分别在未检出(ND)~10.646 mg/ kg、ND ~3.617 mg/ kg 和ND ~0.089 mg/ kg 之间。本方法简便、准确、可靠,适用于食用植物油中总氯丙醇酯的测定。     

气相色谱结合化学计量学分析4种食用植物油的指纹图谱

运用气相色谱法对4类植物油(橄榄油、花生油、菜籽油和大豆油)的脂肪酸组成进行分析,并构建了植物油的指纹图谱,对4类植物油进行鉴别和分类。采用连续投影算法(SPA)对变量进行筛选,选出11个特征变量。以特征变量作为输入,使用主成分分析(PCA)和有监督模式识别(径向基函数神经网络(RBFANN)、线性判别分析(LDA)和最小二乘-支持向量机(LS-SVM))进行建模分析。结果表明,11个特征变量能够较好地区分4类植物油,PCA获得了较好的分类,RBF-ANN的预报结果最佳,预报率为92.6%,并且能准确预报二组分混合掺杂油样。该方法能够准确区分植物油种类,可用于食用植物油的鉴别和掺杂食用植物油的鉴定。     

Recent Discoveries in the Field of Lipid Bio-Based Ingredients for Meat Processing

Current culture and pace of lifestyle, together with consumer demand for ready-to-eat foods, has influenced the food industry, particularly the meat sector. However, due to the important role that diet plays in human health, consumers demand safe and healthy food products. As a consequence, even foods that meet expectations for convenience and organoleptic properties must also meet expectations from a nutritional standpoint. One of the main nutritionally negative aspects of meat products is the content and composition of fat. In this sense, the meat industry has spent decades researching the best strategies for the reformulation of traditional products, without having a negative impact in technological processes or in the sensory acceptance of the final product. However, the enormous variety of meat products as well as industrial and culinary processes means that a single strategy cannot be established, despite the large volume of work carried out in this regard. Therefore, taking all the components of this complex situation into account and utilizing the large amount of scientific information that is available, this review aims to comprehensively analyze recent advances in the use of lipid bio-based materials to reformulate meat products, as well as their nutritional, technological, and sensorial implications.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定蔬菜中铅、镉的含量

选择8种新鲜蔬菜，用硝酸-高氯酸消解后以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其中铅、镉的含量。对测定的工作条件和样品的预处理方法进行了探讨。铅、镉的线性回归方程分别为A=0．00062c 0．004，A=0．00366c 0．0350。测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为5．99％、5．33％，回收率分别为88．5％、107％，检出限分别为2．24、0．472μg/kg。     

溶剂提取原子荧光光谱法测定药用植物油中砷

通过样品消解、工作条件等优化，利用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定药用植物油中砷的含量。方法回收率为97．6％，相对标准偏差为3．5％。方法操作简单，结果稳定可靠。     

Original diols from sunflower and ricin oils: Synthesis,characterization, and use as polyurethane building blocks

A series of novel fatty acid‐based diols were designed and synthesized from sunflower and ricin oils using optimized chemical reactions and purifications. These diols were categorized in two different types: (i) fatty acid‐based monoester containing diols (FAmE‐1 to FAmE‐6) and (ii) fatty acid‐based diester containing diols (FAdE‐1 to FAdE‐8). Their synthesis involved a series of reactions such as transesterification, epoxidation, ring opening of epoxide, and thiol‐ene additions. Analyses of these new fatty acid‐based diols were performed by HPLC/GC and NMR spectroscopy. The latter were then demonstrated as polyurethane (PU) precursors in the bulk polymerization with isophorone diisocyanate in the presence of dibutyl tin dilaurate as a catalyst. The effects of the diol nature and purity on the PU synthesis and properties were investigated. The structural characterization of the different PUs was carried out by means of FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹H DOSY NMR spectroscopy. The thermomechanical and rheological properties of these new PUs were found dependent on the chemical structure and purity of the diol building block. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Bio‐based copolymers obtained through miniemulsion copolymerization of methyl esters of acrylated fatty acids and styrene

Polymers based on renewable sources are promising materials, and can find many uses in coatings and adhesive applications. The goal of this work was to synthesize and characterize bio‐based styrene/acrylated fatty acid methyl ester (AFAME) copolymer—poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME) prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The main strategy adopted was to functionalize the bio‐monomer with acrylic acid that was confirmed by ¹H NMR and FTIR measurements, to allow its free‐radical homo‐ or copolymerization with styrene. Poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME) with different AFAME content were obtained and their composition were evaluated by ¹H NMR. Dynamic light scattering measurements throughout the reactions have indicated a very stable colloidal systems and average particles size ranges 100–150 nm. The structural and physical properties of poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME) were investigated by DTG‐DTA, DSC which displayed a decreasing of glass transition temperature with increase of AFAME content. The results showed in this study have indicated that the poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME) can be used in several fields because their characteristics are totally distinct. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 1422–1432     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定食用植物油中挥发性有机物

提出了顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定食用植物油中35种挥发性有机物(VOC′s)含量的方法。为使固相微萃取达到更高的效率,选用75μm碳分子筛-聚二甲基硅氧烷纤维作为微萃取的涂层,萃取温度及时间为90℃和30 min。用DB-5MS毛细管色谱柱分离,电子轰击离子源全扫描监测模式检测。35种VOC′s在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.03~6.84μg·L-1之间。在3个添加水平上做回收试验,加标回收率在91.0%~108.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)小于10%。     

固相萃取-液相色谱测定复杂基质蔬菜中9种烟碱类残留

建立了韭菜、洋葱、大蒜等复杂基质蔬菜样品中呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、氟啶虫酰胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺、氯噻啉、啶虫脒、噻虫啉9种烟碱类农药残留的液相色谱检测方法.对比了几种常用溶剂的提取效率以及固相萃取材料对韭菜、洋葱样品中干扰基质的去除效果.研究结果表明,样品经微波处理后,用乙腈提取,Envi-Carb/PSA固相萃取柱净...