托卡马克离子温度梯度湍流输运同位素定标修正中杂质的影响

托卡马克实验发现,在不同参数条件下,等离子体能量约束经验定标律会有或大或小的修正.为解释这种修正现象发生的原因,应用回旋动理学方法,对含重(钨)杂质等离子体离子温度梯度(ITG)(包括杂质模)湍流输运的同位素效应进行了数值研究.结果表明钨杂质效应极大地修改了同位素定标律和有效电荷效应.随着杂质离子电荷数Z和电荷集中度f_z的变化,同位素定标律在较大范围内变化. ITG模最大增长率定标大约为M_i~(-0.48→-0.12),杂质模的定标为M_i~(-0.46→-0.3),其中, M_i表示主离子质量数.在ITG模湍流中,有效电荷数越大,关于M_i的拟合指数偏离-0.5越远,表现为同位素质量依赖减弱.在两种模中,杂质电荷集中度越大,同位素质量依赖越弱.研究了杂质效应使定标关系发生偏离的原因,证实杂质种类、杂质电荷数和杂质浓度的不同,是引起同位素质量依赖发生改变的重要原因.结果证实并解释了不同参数条件下托卡马克同位素定标的差异性.研究成果可以为ITER实验安排及杂质相关输运实验中选择装置材料、工作气体和设置其他参数提供理论参考.     

双复合离散型艾里涡旋加速光的传输特性

利用全息技术,采用二元相位处理后的离散型艾里涡旋相位,制作了一种双复合离散型艾里涡旋加速光.理论模拟和实验探究了该加速光的传输特性,以及线性因子(s)、径向层数(N)和拓扑荷梯度(ΔL)对光场的调控机制.结果表明,双加速光在传输过程中,由于离散和旋转效应,逐渐分离为多个类艾里光;通过调节传输距离及ΔL,可实现二维类艾里光至一维类艾里光之间的演化.此外,N和s可分别调节双加速光的强度分布及其在初始截面(z=0处的x-y平面)中的位置分布;ΔL也可调节分离的类艾里光之间的强度分布.     

用离散小波变换建立的Fisher判别法对海上溢油的鉴别

采用恒波长同步荧光光谱法检测分析8种燃料油、7种中东原油、14种非中东原油的荧光特征,结合离散小波变换以及Fisher判别法建立海上溢油油种鉴别的模型。29种油样风化前后均在波长(280±2),(302±2),(332±2)和(380±2) nm处有典型的荧光峰,但在(380±2) nm处风化油样的荧光强度的离散度过大,该波长不适于油种鉴别。在db7小波基函数下对29种原始油样荧光谱图进行6层分解,提取d3细节系数特征,确定波长(255±2),(280±2),(302±2),(332±2)和(354±2) nm处的小波系数并用于Fisher判别模型建立。29种油样在(280±2) nm处均有极值点,燃料油小波系数位于44.06±5.62之间,原油位于22.47±5.12之间,此波长处的小波系数可区分燃料油与原油。建立的Fisher判别模型不仅能区分燃料油和原油还能进一步区分中东原油,Wilks’s lambda分布所对应的P值分别为0和0.02,表明模型是可行的。模型验证结果显示,对风化后的建模油样的鉴别正确率达到96.6%,对非建模23种油样鉴别正确率达到95.7%。由于建模油样风化前后的修正余弦相似度为0.91~0.98,因而以未风化油样建立的油种鉴别模型同样适用于风化后油样的辨别。     

基于浸入边界算法的振动钝体绕流模拟研究

传统CFD方法在振动钝体绕流计算中常借助动网格技术,网格再生任务繁重。针对于此,本文利用可在静止网格中计算动边界绕流问题的浸入边界算法(IBM),编写数值模拟程序,分别对竖向强迫正弦振动方柱(Re=UD/v=103、振幅恒定、振动频率变化)以及桥梁断面(Re=UB/v=7.5×103、振幅、振动频率均变化)展开气动特性和流场特征结构分析。初步研究结果表明,振幅恒定为方柱高度的14%时,其涡脱锁定区长度为0.06~0.2,锁定区后端(Stc0.2)振动方柱涡脱频率回归静止涡脱频率;不同振幅下的桥梁断面阻力系数均在静止涡脱频率处产生峰值,桥梁断面升力系数则在此处均出现归零效应,且振幅越大,归零效应愈明显。     

The electronic,optical,and thermodynamical properties of tetragonal,monoclinic,and orthorhombic M_3N_4(M=Si,Ge,Sn):A first-principles study

A detailed study of the M_3N_4(M = Si,Ge,Sn) nitrides in their tetragonal,monoclinic and orthorhombic phases has been performed with the plane-wave pseudo-potential method combined with the quasi-harmonic approximation,including the phononic effects.We rationalize the main puzzle,i.e.,the fundamental properties of these phases are unclear,by calculating the crystal structures,density of states,and optical properties.The direct band gaps of t-Ge_3N_4,m-Si_3N_4,and o-Ge_3N_4 benefit the opto-electrical properties,t-,m-,and o-Si_3N_4 can be used as refractive materials while m-M_3N_4(M = Si,Ge,Sn) are optically transparent in the visible light region.Our results improve the understanding of the detailed electronic structures of all compounds,as well as the influences of electronic structure on their stabilities.Furthermore,we find that thermodynamic quantities are sensitive to structures and,therefore,depend on various temperature and pressure conditions.     

Compressing ultrafast electron pulse by radio frequency cavity

An ultrafast electron diffraction technique with both high temporal and spatial resolution has been shown to be a powerful tool to observe the material transient structural change on an atomic scale.The space charge forces in a multi-electron bunch will greatly broaden the electron pulse width,and therefore limit the temporal resolution of the high brightness electron pulse.Here in this work,we design an ultrafast electron diffraction system,and utilize a radio frequency cavity to realize the ultrafast electron pulse compression.We experimentally demonstrate that the stretched electron pulse width of14.98 ps with an electron energy of 40 keV and the electron number of 1.0 ×10~5 can be maximally compressed to about0.61 ps for single-pulse measurement and 2.48 ps for multi-pulse measurement by using a 3.2-GHz radiofrequency cavity.We also theoretically and experimentally analyze the parameters influencing the electron pulse compression efficiency for single-and multi-pulse measurements by considering radiofrequency field time jitter,electron pulse time jitter and their relative time jitter.We suggest that increasing the electron energy or shortening the distance between the compression cavity and the streak cavity can further improve the electron pulse compression efficiency.These experimental and theoretical results are very helpful for designing the ultrafast electron diffraction experiment equipment and compressing the ultrafast electron pulse width in a future study.     

用于HIT太阳能电池的非晶硅薄膜制备与性能研究

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术(RF-PECVD),在不同硅烷浓度下制备本征非晶硅薄膜,研究薄膜材料的微结构和光电性能.研究表明,在硅烷浓度为5;时,制备的薄膜材料处于非晶/微晶相过渡区域,具有宽光学带隙、低吸收系数、较高电导率和较好的致密性.作为钝化层应用到HIT太阳电池中,具有良好的钝化效果,在n型单晶硅衬底上制备出了效率为13.92;的太阳电池.     

新方法合成规则六角片状层状双金属氢氧化物

探索了一种合成规则的层状双金属氢氧化物(简称LDHs)六角纳米片的新方法,该方法基于传统的共沉淀法,并借鉴了尿素法的优点。 系统研究了沉淀剂、反应溶剂、反应时间和沉淀剂滴加速率对最终得到的粒子结晶度和形貌的影响。 研究结果表明,采用NH4OH为沉淀剂,以乙醇/水混合溶液为溶剂得到的LDHs纳米粒子结晶度高,晶型发育完美,呈现规则的六角片状,单分散性良好,粒径介于100~250 nm之间。 乙醇的加入一方面减慢了NH4OH电离出OH-的速率,降低了溶液过饱和度;另一方面,乙醇分子包裹在LDHs粒子周围,其表面的羟基起到了空间位阻作用,阻止粒子之间的团聚。 最佳反应时间既要保证LDHs晶粒的充分发育和成长,又要防止粒子之间的团聚。反应时间较短(1 h)时,晶粒发育不完全,粒子呈现不规则的六角片形;反应时间较长(4 h)时,LDHs粒子出现了六角片状重叠现象;只有当反应时间适中(3 h),LDHs粒子因晶胞生长充分而粒径分布均匀,并呈现规则六角片状。 沉淀剂滴加速率的不同会改变体系的过饱和度,从而影响LDHs粒子的形貌,滴加速率较低(0.025 mL/s)时,得到的粒子形貌规则、单分散性良好,且随着滴加速率的降低,粒子粒径逐渐增大。     

Numerical analysis of the optimized performance of the electron cyclotron wave system in a HL-2M tokamak

The capabilities of current drive, neoclassical tearing mode(NTM) stabilization, and sawtooth control are analyzed for the electron–cyclotron wave(ECW) system in a HL-2M tokamak. Better performance of the upper launcher is demonstrated in comparison with that of a dropped upper launcher, in terms of J_(EC)/J_(bs) for NTM stabilization and I_(ECCD)/(?ρtor)~2 for sawtooth control. 1-MW ECW power is enough for the 3/2 NTM stabilization, and 1.8-MW ECW power is required to suppress 2/1 NTM in a single null divertor equilibrium with 1.2-MA toroidal current with the upper launcher. Optimization simulation of electron–cyclotron current drive(ECCD) is carried out for three mirrors in an equatorial port, indicating that the middle mirror has a good performance compared with the top and bottom mirrors. The results for balanced co- and counter-ECCD in an equatorial port are also presented.     

基于谱估计方法的等离子体湍流三波耦合数据处理算法

基于数字谱分析技术求解波耦合方程,进而计算与三波相互作用相关联的线性耦合系数和能量转移,以此开发了数据处理程序用于研究HL-2A 装置等离子体边缘湍流中的非线性能量传递过程。介绍了算法设计和开发的主要思想。应用该程序对与带状流相关的一次放电的实验数据进行了数据处理研究。结果表明,带状流是由等离子体湍流的能量逆级联所驱动的。