Relationship between the electrophilicity of substituting agents and substrate selectivity in Friedel-Crafts reactions

The global electrophilicity index evaluated at the ground state of benzylating and acylating agents shows a quantitative linear relationship with the experimental substrate selectivity index evaluated for a series of Friedel-Crafts reactions. The theoretical scale correctly accounts for the electrophilic activation/deactivation effects promoted by electron withdrawing and electron releasing substituents in these molecules. The predicted substrate selectivity values estimated from the knowledge of the electrophilicity index may become accurate to within 10% and less.     

2-phenoxathiinyl-5-phenyloxazole and 5-phenoxathiinyl-2-phenyloxazole derivatives: experimental and theoretical study of emission properties

The absorption and emission spectra in cyclohexane and methanol of the title phenoxathiinyl-phenyloxazole derivatives are presented and discussed. Comparing to the unsubstituted diphenyloxazole (PPO), the experimental results show a bathochromic shift of the emission band, a significant dependence of the maximum on the solvent polarity and a drastic decrease of the fluorescence quantum yield. Semiempirical MO calculations (AM1) in both the ground and excited states support the experimental findings. A charge transfer from the phenoxathiin fragment to the oxazole ring is predicted in the excited state explaining the solvatochromism of the compounds. The values for the singlet-triplet gap, 3500-5000 cm-1 point to an enhanced probability of intersystem crossing (ISC) non-radiative deactivation processes, in agreement with the low fluorescence quantum yields.     

催化燃烧去除VOCs污染物的最新进展

催化燃烧是目前最有效的处理挥发性有机物(VOCs)技术之一. 本文从催化剂活性组分、催化剂载体、有效组分颗粒大小、水蒸汽的影响及催化燃烧反应中的积碳等几个方面, 对近年来催化燃烧处理VOCs的研究进行了总结. 分析表明: 贵金属催化剂的研究主要着重于选择有效的载体和双组分贵金属催化剂; 非贵金属催化剂的研究主要集中在高活性的过渡金属复合氧化物、钙钛矿和尖晶石型等催化剂的研制, 还有这些活性组分粒径大小及载体对催化燃烧VOCs反应活性的影响;此外, 在实际应用中,水蒸汽和催化剂积碳失活等问题对催化燃烧VOCs的反应也有很大影响. 本文的评述将为选择合适的催化燃烧技术处理VOCs污染物提供一定参考.     

Comparative study of the deactivation of Cr-BEA, Cr-MOR and Cr-ZSM-5 in catalytic decomposition of VOC

The catalytic activity and stability studies of chromium exchanged beta, mordenite and ZSM-5 zeolites for VOCs decomposition are reported. Difference in deactivation behavior by the zeolites was observed. Cr-ZSM-5 (Si/Al=240) was the most stable catalyst due to its high Si/Al ratio. It also has less coking tendency due to its uniform sized intersecting channel system. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

负载型贵金属催化剂Pd(Pt)/A1_2O_3的硫中毒机理

以CO和吡啶为分子探针,用红外分光光度计对用于合成尿素工业消除CO_2原料气中微量氢气的Pd(Pt)/Al_2O_3催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,负价硫(S~(2-),S_2~(2-)是使催化剂失活的直接原因,而高价硫(SO_4~(2-),Al_2O_3-SO_3-H_2O)是失活的最终原因。     

催化燃烧去除VOCs污染物的最新进展

催化燃烧是目前最有效的处理挥发性有机物(VOCs)技术之一. 本文从催化剂活性组分、催化剂载体、有效组分颗粒大小、水蒸汽的影响及催化燃烧反应中的积碳等几个方面, 对近年来催化燃烧处理VOCs的研究进行了总结. 分析表明: 贵金属催化剂的研究主要着重于选择有效的载体和双组分贵金属催化剂; 非贵金属催化剂的研究主要集中在高活性的过渡金属复合氧化物、钙钛矿和尖晶石型等催化剂的研制, 还有这些活性组分粒径大小及载体对催化燃烧VOCs反应活性的影响;此外, 在实际应用中,水蒸汽和催化剂积碳失活等问题对催化燃烧VOCs的反应也有很大影响. 本文的评述将为选择合适的催化燃烧技术处理VOCs污染物提供一定参考.     

A kinetic study on lipase-catalyzed interesterification of soybean oil with oleic acid in a continuous packed-bed reactor

To provide a mathematical basis for the design and operation of a continuous, packed-bed reactor for the interesterification of soybean oil, soybean oil that contains 22.7% oleoyl and 54.3% linoleoyl moieties as molar acyl moiety composition was interesterified in hexane with oleic acid, using an immobilized sn-1,3-specific lipase (Lipozyme IM) from Mucor miehei. The reaction was carried out in a U-shaped Pyrex glass-made packed-bed reactor at 37°C in the following system: concentration of soybean oil in the feed stream=12.5 wt%, molar ratio of fatty acid to soybean oil=3.0, and water content in the feed stream=1340–2340 ppm. At these water contents, Lipozyme IM gave practically the same catalytic activity, and the content of triacylglycerols in the product oil was 91–94 wt%. Rate equations for the change in oleoyl and linoleoyl moiety compositions in soybean oil were derived and their validity was confirmed experimentally. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of Lipozyme IM decayed in the first-order fashion. Based on these deactivation kinetics, the flow rate of the feed stream is simulated for the operation of a continuous, packed-bed reactor at 37°C that produces an oil of a fixed composition of oleoyl moiety.     

费托合成CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的失活

在固定床反应器上考察了原粒度(1～3mm)CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的费托反应性能,提出了催化剂失活的机理,并采用程序升温还原、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在1.5MPa,488K和400h-1条件下进行的300h稳定性实验中,原粒度CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂上的CO平均转化率达到41%,液态烃选择性达到85%,液态烃中C10 烃的质量含量占88%以上.反应器出口的催化剂中有少量的CoO和Co2SiO4生成.催化剂的失活过程受动力学控制而非热力学控制,催化剂的失活机理为:高分散的纳米Co离子在反应器出口高水蒸气压力的作用下,以CoO为中间物种,与水合SiO2作用生成Co2SiO4,即Co H2O→CoO H2,SiO2 H2O→OSi(OH)2,2CoO OSi(OH)2→Co2SiO4 H2O.     

Ru/C-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aqueous Glycolic Acid from Microalgae – Influence of pH and Biologically Relevant Additives

Ethylene glycol (EG) is obtained by a novel, two-step approach combining a biotechnological and a heterogeneously catalyzed step. First, microalgae are cultivated to photobiocatalytically yield glycolic acid (GA) by means of photosynthesis from CO₂ and water. GA is continuously excreted into the surrounding medium. In the second step, the GA-containing algal medium is used as feedstock for catalytic reduction with H₂ to EG over a Ru/C catalyst. The present study focuses on the conversion of an authentic algae-derived GA solution. After identification of the key characteristics of the algal medium (compared to pure aqueous GA), the influence of pH, numerous salt additives, pH buffers and other relevant organic molecules on the catalytic GA reduction was investigated. Nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organic molecules can strongly inhibit the reaction. Moreover, pH adjustment by acidification is required, for which H₂SO₄ is found most suitable. In combination with a modification of the biotechnological process to mitigate the use of inhibitory compounds, and after acidifying the algal medium, over Ru/C a EG yield of up to 21 % even at non-optimized reaction conditions was achieved.     

反应气中水对钼基甲烷化催化剂性能的影响

在反应温度550 ℃、空速5 500 h^-1、H₂S体积分数1.2%下对所研制的钼基催化剂进行了耐硫甲烷化活性评价,考察了反应气中添加H₂O对Mo基催化剂耐硫甲烷化活性的影响。结果表明,反应气中添加水对Al₂O₃负载的Mo基催化剂可造成不可逆失活,而添加Co助剂及采用铈铝复合载体的催化剂其稳定性、活性得到了改善和提高。Co的添加能保护Mo基催化剂上的活性组分MoS₂,抑制添加水导致的不可逆失活。当反应气中加入水时,催化剂上主要发生水汽变换反应,且随着水含量升高,水汽变换反应速率增大,会严重影响甲烷化反应的进行。此外,随着水含量的增加,其对催化剂的耐硫甲烷化活性和稳定性的影响程度变大。