Polyelectrolytes have been used extensively in the papermaking industry for various purposes. Although recent studies have shown that polyamines can be efficient dry-strength additives, the mechanism governing the strength enhancement of paper materials following the adsorption of polyamines onto pulp fibres is still not well understood. In this study, the effect of the adsorption of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) onto the surface of unbleached kraft pulp fibres was investigated on both the fibre and the network scale. Isolated fibre crosses were mechanically tested to evaluate the impact of the chemical additive on the interfibre joint strength on the microscopic scale and the effect was compared with that previously observed on the paper sheet scale. X-ray microtomography was used to understand structural changes in the fibrous network following the adsorption of a polyamine such as PAH. Using image analysis methods, it was possible to determine the number of interfibre contacts (or joints) per unit length of fibre as well as the average interfibre joint contact area. The results showed that the median interfibre joint strength increased by 18 % upon adsorption of PAH. This can be achieved both by a larger molecular contact area in the contact zones and by a stronger molecular adhesion. The addition of the polymer also increased the number of efficient interfibre contacts per sheet volume. This combination of effects is the reason why polyamines such as PAH can increase the dry tensile strength of paper materials. 相似文献
The development of a new fluorous-tagged ammonia-equivalent for the synthesis of N-alkylated amino acids is described. The required building blocks were readily accessed in high yield and purity using F-SPE purification technique. Coupling of the fluorous-tagged hydroxylamines with a selection of boronic acids and glyoxalic acid gave the desired N-alkylated amino acids. Subsequent removal of the fluorous tag via catalytic hydrogenation was investigated using a number of different catalysts and solvents. A more robust de-tagging procedure involves the transformation of the amino acid to the corresponding methyl ester followed by a Mo(CH3CN)3(CO)3 mediated N-O bond cleavage. 相似文献
We report second harmonic generation in a ferroelectric liquid crystalline trimer and ferroelectric liquid crystalline dendrimers of first, second and third generation. Thin cells were filled with the compounds by capillary forces at elevated temperature, and cooled from the surface stabilized ferroelectric state to below the glass transition temperature, while kept in an electric field. The cone motion viscosity and the threshold electric field for unwinding of the helix axis of the chiral tilted smectic mesophases were studied separately at elevated temperature, and these data were used to optimize the preparation of the films. The measured response time was between 0.3 and 3ms, which corresponds to a cone motion viscosity between 0.5 and 50 Pa s. Second harmonic generation was studied both at elevated temperature with an electric field and at room temperature with and without electric field. The first generation dendrimer exhibited a strong increase in the second order non-linear optical response with time at room temperature. The d23-coefficient of this dendrimer was approximately four times larger than for the other macromolecules and was 0.045 pm V-1. The relatively large d-coefficient of the first generation dendrimer is ascribed to crystallization, which improved the orientation of the molecular dipoles. 相似文献
We consider the semiclassical Dirichlet Pauli operator in bounded connected domains in the plane. Rather optimal results have been obtained in previous papers by Ekholm–Kova?ík–Portmann and Helffer–Sundqvist for the asymptotics of the ground state energy in the semiclassical limit when the magnetic field has constant sign. In this paper, we focus on the case when the magnetic field changes sign. We show, in particular, that the ground state energy of this Pauli operator will be exponentially small as the semiclassical parameter tends to zero and give lower bounds and upper bounds for this decay rate. Concrete examples of magnetic fields changing sign on the unit disk are discussed. Various natural conjectures are disproved, and this leaves the research of an optimal result in the general case still open.
The generation of sound by flow through a closed, cylindrical cavity (expansion chamber) accommodated with a long tailpipe is investigated analytically and numerically. The sound generation is due to self-sustained flow oscillations in the cavity. These oscillations may, in turn, generate standing (resonant) acoustic waves in the tailpipe. The main interest of the paper is in the interaction between these two sound sources. An analytical, approximate solution of the acoustic part of the problem is obtained via the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The sound-generating flow is represented by a discrete vortex method, based on axisymmetric vortex rings. It is demonstrated through numerical examples that inclusion of acoustic feedback from the tailpipe is essential for a good representation of the sound characteristics. 相似文献
High, electrochemically controlled electrical conductivity (0.2–0.3 S cm?1) was measured for the first time for the metal–metal bonded polymeric compound [Ru(bpy)(CO)2]n (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine). The conductivity depended on the degree of partial oxidation of the initially zero-valent Ru to RuI in the chains and was found to increase by four orders of magnitude after 5% oxidative doping. Linear conductance vs. doping level dependence was found for low levels and the conductivity of films could repeatedly be switched on and off. The conduction process is ascribed to charge delocalisation on the Ru chains in analogy to that of other similar chains formed by stacking of planar transition metal d8 complexes. 相似文献