Increased BOLD sensitivity in the orbitofrontal cortex using slice-dependent echo times at 3 T

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) exploits the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect to detect neuronal activation related to various experimental paradigms. Some of these, such as reversal learning, involve the orbitofrontal cortex and its interaction with other brain regions like the amygdala, striatum or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These paradigms are commonly investigated with event-related methods and gradient echo-planar imaging (EPI) with short echo time of 27 ms. However, susceptibility-induced signal losses and image distortions in the orbitofrontal cortex are still a problem for this optimized sequence as this brain region consists of several slices with different optimal echo times. An EPI sequence with slice-dependent echo times is suitable to maximize BOLD sensitivity in all slices and might thus improve signal detection in the orbitofrontal cortex. To test this hypothesis, we first optimized echo times via BOLD sensitivity simulation. Second, we measured 12 healthy volunteers using a standard EPI sequence with an echo time of 27 ms and a modified EPI sequence with echo times ranging from 22 ms to 47 ms. In the orbitofrontal cortex, the number of activated voxels increased from 87±44 to 549±83 and the maximal t-value increased from 4.4±0.3 to 5.4±0.3 when the modified EPI was used. We conclude that an EPI with slice-dependent echo times may be a valuable tool to mitigate susceptibility artifacts in event-related whole-brain fMRI studies with a focus on the orbitofrontal cortex.     

双层加肋球壳回波现象分析

双层加肋壳体是水下目标的典型结构。实验观测到双层加肋球壳回波的频率-角度谱在角度域呈现强烈的周期性振荡,在2 kHz～10 kHz频率范围内,这种振荡从低频到高频越来越明显。为了解释所观测到的现象,利用修正的板块元算法(Modified PEM)计算了不同入射角、不同频率下双层加肋球壳的回波,并与实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,目标强度随入射角的周期性剧烈起伏主要是由壳间肋板声散射导致的。     

固定转发源级的目标回波强度测量法

本文首先介绍了两种传统的水中目标回波强度的测量方法,分析了其特点并指出其不足之处。然后提出了一种改进的回声转发测量法,我们称之为固定转发源级的目标回波强度测量法。固定转发源级的目标回波测量法,对传统的回声转发测量法进行了硬件结构和处理方法上的改进。通过在被测目标上加装声学数据采集记录装置,避免了变强度转发的需要。不但保留了其优点,而且克服了其主要缺点。明显降低了校准的工作量,提高了测量的精度和效率,拓展了系统的适用范围,具有一定的应用推广价值。     

超声液位检测频率选择的理论计算和实验研究

非介入式超声液位检测中,中间层介质对反射回波强度有着显著的影响,为得到较强的检测回波信号,发射频率的选择是非常必要的。本文采用传输矩阵方法,对非介入式超声液位检测中声波在多层介质中的传播进行了研究,给出了反射回波声强与入射声波频率之间的关系,从理论上计算得到了最佳入射声波频率。实验结果与理论计算一致,由此为非介入式超声液位检测的频率选择提供了一有效的技术途径。     

基于亮点模型的典型水下目标回波信号仿真

本文对典型水下目标回波信号进行了仿真研究。此仿真基于声纳目标回波的亮点模型理论,通过成分及时序分析,针对具有球冠形头部和圆柱壳体的典型水下目标的结构特征,建立计算模型并仿真回波信号。仿真结果与湖海试实验结果的对比表明此仿真模型与实际情况基本一致,可以为声纳信号处理、目标识别等方面的研究提供支持。     

Study on echo suppression effect and coloration due to periodic-type diffusers

An echo is one of the obstacles in halls and theatres. In order to suppress this undesirable echo, walls and ceilings have been often given absorptive surfaces which absorb sound energy or corrugated surfaces which provide wave diffusion. While it is not difficult to predict the degree of echo suppression effects in the case of absorptive surfaces, it is generally difficult to do that in the case of corrugated surfaces. In addition, if the surfaces have periodicity, unintended effects called coloration can distort tonal characteristics of the sound field. Thus, many acoustic designers would hesitate to employ this kind of periodic-type diffusers. However, there are some cases where it is necessary to suppress echoes without any energy loss. Periodic-type diffusers have the advantages of easy estimation of diffusion properties, simple method of design, and ready availability. In this study, a subjective experiment with simulated stimuli was carried out to clarify the echo suppression effect of the periodic-type diffusers from the viewpoint of reflected energy level. Although coloration interfered subjective judgments in some cases of the experiment, it is shown that the periodic-type diffusers have echo suppression effects if the coloration does not occur. This study is also devoted to discussion about causes and features of the coloration.     

蛙人回波建模与实验研究

选用蛙人回波的简化模型,结合实验获得各主要因素对蛙人目标强度贡献的量值。分别选用简化的胸腔、躯干、大腿骨等人体器官和开式呼吸气泡群、干式潜水服、呼吸气瓶等的声散射模型。通过码头实验测量了蛙人的目标强度,频率为75kHz。在所有影响蛙人目标强度的因素中,开式呼吸气泡群对目标总强度贡献最大,其目标强度大于-16.9dB;其次是干式潜水服,约-17dB;再次是开式呼吸气瓶,约为-24dB;蛙人身体目标强度约-27.2dB;另外实验测量了肺部组织的目标强度,约-25.9dB,频率125kHz。理论模型和实验均表明,开式呼吸气泡群和潜水装备对蛙人回波的贡献远大于蛙人身体。     

三次谐波超声脉冲回波法对厚板的无损检测

在同一厚板表面的两个不同位置处分别进行超声回波脉冲测量，一处有细微裂纹而另一处无细微裂纹。实验结果表明，即使两个位置回波的基波频谱非常接近，但相应的三次谐波回波频谱仍存在较显著的区别，这一结果可望用于厚板具有微缺陷时的超声无损检测。     

基于1.5 μm多普勒激光雷达的飞机尾涡探测技术研究

为规避尾涡威胁,保障飞行安全,研究了飞机尾涡的激光探测技术.介绍了尾涡探测基本原理,给出了激光探测方式设计和探测系统参量选择.基于设计的尾涡激光探测方案,研究了飞机尾涡回波多普勒谱与机型参量、飞行参量以及环境参量间的关系,获得了尾涡的径向速度分布规律,建立了尾涡回波多普勒谱模型,选取最佳尾涡参量估计算法用于尾涡的全面表征|通过开展A340的尾涡探测外场实验验证了激光探测尾涡的可行性和尾涡参量估计算法的有效性.研究表明,尾涡回波多普勒谱值与径向速度的三次方成反比,与涡流环量的二次方成正比.