气相色谱法分析食用油中脂肪酸含量的一种改进的衍生化方法

食用油加四甲基氢氧化铵醇溶液，在室温中用碘甲烷将其转变为对应的甲酯。使用Ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘ－４弹性石英毛细管柱对各种脂肪酸甲酯进行分离分析。考察了不同反应时间和不同量甲基化试剂对甲酯化完全程序的影响，并用此法测定了豆油，菜油，小麻油，色拉油和煎炒色拉油后回收油的脂肪酸成分及含量。     

Effect of structure on properties of polyols and polyurethanes based on different vegetable oils

We synthesized six polyurethane networks from 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyols based on midoleic sunflower, canola, soybean, sunflower, corn, and linseed oils. The differences in network structures reflected differences in the composition of fatty acids and number of functional groups in vegetable oils and resulting polyols. The number average molecular weights of polyols were between 1120 and 1300 and the functionality varied from 3.0 for the midoleic sunflower polyol to 5.2 for the linseed polyol. The functionality of the other four polyols was around 3.5. Canola, corn, soybean, and sunflower oils gave polyurethane resins of similar crosslinking density and similar glass transitions and mechanical properties despite somewhat different distribution of fatty acids. Linseed oil–based polyurethane had higher crosslinking density and higher mechanical properties, whereas midoleic sunflower oil gave softer polyurethanes characterized by lower T_g and lower strength but higher elongation at break. It appears that the differences in properties of polyurethane networks resulted primarily from different crosslinking densities and less from the position of reactive sites in the fatty acids. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 809–819, 2004     

Enzymatic alcoholysis of palm and palm kernel oils

The use of lipases as biocatalysts in ester synthesis has been the object of growing interest, owing to the importance of esters as emulsifiers, intermediates to produce oleochemicals, and fuel alternatives. We consider in this report the application of lipases in the ethanolysis of palm and palm kernel oils to produce fatty-acid esters, using n-hexane assolvent. In order to maximize ester production, wea dopted a Taguchi design and built an empirical model. Using this procedure, we determined the optimal condition for each system and established the influence of process variables in the conversion.     

Influence of Mixing Speed in Liquid Crystal Formation and Rheology of O/W Emulsions Containing Vegetable Oils

The process parameters are important in the development of emulsions containing liquid crystals. Thus, we studied the influence of the mixing speed in microscopic and rheological features. Oil-in-water emulsions using vegetable oils and nonionic surfactant were developed employing gradual raise of the mixing speed. It decreased the liquid crystal formation and the density values, and increased apparent viscosity values. The most suitable mixing speed was 600 rpm, since it allowed the attainment of emulsion with better performance and presence of lamellar liquid crystals. However, all emulsions were stable in these experimental conditions and presented pseudoplastic behavior and tixotropy.     

Lubricants from renewable energy sources – a review

Lubricant oils are known to decrease the friction coefficient between two contacting surfaces. It is essential for the correct function of almost the totality of mechanical machinery working in the entire world. Lubricant oils consist of about 80% of oily base stocks which attributes to their properties of viscosity, stability, and pour point to the lubricant plus additives supplemented to improve these properties. Petroleum lubricants are usually environmentally unacceptable due to their low biodegradability and toxicity. These oils contaminate the air, soil, and drinking water and affect human and plant life to a great extent. Thus, the demand for environmentally acceptable lubricants is increasing along with the public concerns for a pollution-free environment. Plant oils are promising as base fluid for biolubricants because of their excellent lubricity, biodegradability, viscosity–temperature characteristics, and low volatility. The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of the current status of biolubricating oil. This research provides an overview on the synthesis, tribochemical behavior; the effect of structure on friction/wear, load-bearing capacity, resistance to rise in specimen temperature, and varying response of antiwear/extreme-pressure additives in the presence of vegetable oil/derivative structures has also been discussed. Though a significant number of papers have been published in this area, there is still much to explore. A proper selection of base oil and additives is therefore essential for an efficient synthesis of biolubricating oil.     

Novel biobased photo‐crosslinked polymer networks prepared from vegetable oil and 2,5‐furan diacrylate

Novel biobased crosslinked polymer networks were prepared from vegetable oil with 2,5‐furan diacrylate as a difunctional stiffener through UV photopolymerization, and the mechanical properties of the resulting films were evaluated. The vegetable oil raw materials used were acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), acrylated castor oil (ACO), and acrylated 7,10‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid (ADOD). 2,5‐Furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which can be synthesized through the oxidative dehydration of C6 sugars, was identified by the US Department of Energy as one of 12 priority chemicals for establishing the green chemistry industry of the future. 2,5‐Furan dimethanol (bis‐hydroxymethylfuran), which can be derived from FDCA, was used as a starting material to synthesize 2,5‐furan diacrylate, which was used as a biobased comonomer along with AESO, ACO, or ADOD to form photo‐crosslinked polymer networks. The synthesis of acrylate derivatives was confirmed using FT‐IR and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The composition of the reaction mixture was changed to obtain crosslinked polymer networks with various mechanical properties. The addition of 2,5‐furan diacrylate increased the tensile strengths of the polymer films by up to 1.4–4.2 times relative to those obtained without the addition. These fully biobased polymers derived from vegetable oil and sugar can be used as environmentally friendly renewable materials for various applications to replace the existing petroleum‐based polymers currently used. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiplug filtration clean‐up with multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the analysis of pesticide residues using LC–ESI‐MS/MS

A novel design for a rapid clean‐up method was developed for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables followed by LC–ESI‐MS/MS. The acetonitrile‐based sample extraction technique was used to obtain the extracts, and further clean‐up was carried out by applying the streamlined procedure on a multiplug filtration clean‐up column coupled with a syringe. The sorbent used for clean‐up in this research is multiwalled carbon nanotubes, which was mixed with anhydrous magnesium sulfate to remove water from the extracts. This method was validated on 40 representative pesticides and apple, cabbage, and potato sample matrices spiked at two concentration levels of 10 and 100 μg/kg. It exhibited recoveries between 71 and 117% for most pesticides with RSDs < 15%. Matrix‐matched calibrations were performed with the coefficients of determination >0.995 for most studied pesticides between concentration levels of 10–500 μg/L. The LOQs for 40 pesticides ranged from 2 to 50 μg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of pesticide residues in market fruit and vegetable samples.     

Efficient separation of tocopherol homologues in vegetable oil by ionic‐liquid‐based countercurrent chromatography using a non‐aqueous biphasic system

Tocopherol homologues are important fat‐soluble bioactive compounds with high nutritional value. However, it is of great challenge to separate these homologues because of their high structural similarities. In this work, ionic‐liquid‐based countercurrent chromatography was used for the separation and purification of tocopherol homologues. Conventional countercurrent chromatography and ionic‐liquid‐based countercurrent chromatography solvent systems were evaluated in respect of partition coefficient, separation factor, and stationary phase retention factor to separate these targets. Kind of ionic liquids, amount of ionic liquid, and sample amount were systematically optimized. A novel countercurrent chromatography non‐aqueous biphasic system composed of n‐hexane‐methanol‐1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride was established. The baseline separation of tocopherol mixtures was obtained in one cycle process. The ionic liquid played a key role in the countercurrent chromatography separation, which resulted in difference of partition behavior of individual tocopherol in the whole system through different hydrogen‐bonding affinity. Finally, n‐hexane‐methanol‐1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (5:5:3, v/v) water‐free biphasic system was successfully applied to separate tocopherol homologues from vegetable oil that was not achieved beforehand. This method can be widely employed to separate many similar molecules such as tocotrienols, tocomonoenols, and marine‐derived tocopherol in food samples.     

脱水蔬菜中的微量元素分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法对脱水前后蔬菜中１４种微量元素进行了分析测定。结果表明，脱水加工处理对蔬菜中Ｓｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｌｉ的损失影响较大，对其他多种微量元素影响。但加工处理方法不一，微量元素含量不一。采用标准加入法对分析方法进行考察，回收率为９６．３－１０６．７％，结果满意。     

高效液相色谱法测定食用植物油中5种抗氧化剂的含量

提出了高效液相色谱法测定食用植物油中没食子酸丙酯、特丁基对苯二酚、叔丁基羟基茴香醚、没食子酸辛酯和2,6-二叔丁基对羟基甲酚等5种抗氧化剂的方法。样品(1.000g)用甲醇5mL)提取2次,涡旋振荡10min,取上清液在4℃冷藏,使残留脂肪析出。取其上清液浓缩后用甲醇定容为10 mL,取5μL进样用高效液相色谱法进行测定。ZORBAX SB-C_(18)色谱柱及不同比例混合的甲醇(A)和乙酸-水(1+99)(B)的混合液作为流动相进行梯度淋洗分离,柱温为30℃,流量为1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长为280 nm。结果表明:5种抗氧化剂的检出限(3S/N)依次为0.10,0.34,0.32,0.14,0.57mg·kg~(-1)。在3个浓度水平上(200,500,1000mg·kg~(-1))对方法做回收试验,测得回收率在90.5%～102.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.02%～1.35%之间。