Solid-phase synthesis of dihydrovirginiamycin S1, a streptogramin B antibiotic

We describe the first solid-phase synthesis of dihydrovirginiamycin S(1), a member of the streptogramin B family of antibiotics, which are nonribosomal-peptide natural products produced by Streptomyces. These compounds, along with the synergistic group A components, are "last line of defense" antimicrobial agents for the treatment of life-threatening infections such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The synthesis features an on-resin cyclization and is designed to allow production of streptogramin B analogues with diversification at positions 1', 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. Several synthetic challenges known to hinder the synthesis of this class of compounds were solved, including sensitivity to acids and bases, and epimerization and rearrangements, through the judicious choice of deprotection conditions, coupling conditions, and synthetic strategy. This work should enable a better understanding of structure-activity relationships in the streptogramin B compounds, possible identification of analogues that bypass known resistance mechanisms, and perhaps the identification of analogues with novel biological activities.     

Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics using pre-column derivatization with phenylisocyanate

A pre-column derivatization liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics using phenylisocyanate as a derivatization reagent. Derivatives including kanamycin, neomycin and gentamicin were formed by reaction of the analytes with phenylisocyanate in the presence of triethylamine. Phenylisocyanato groups were attached to corresponding amino groups of aminoglycoside and their molecular mass was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The experimental conditions for derivatization and separation of aminoglycoside derivatives were optimized and validated. A simple liquid chromatographic method for the determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics was demonstrated.     

Highlighting the possible secondary interactions in the role of balhimycin and its analogues for enantiorecognition in capillary electrophoresis

It is believed that the enantiorecognition mechanism based on macrocyclic antibiotics involves multimodal interactions via hydrogen bonding, π–π interaction, steric hindrance, hydrophobic interaction and so on. A variety of enantiomeric N-benzoylated amino acids were separated using balhimycin (A) or its analogues bromobalhimycin (B) and dechlorobalhimycin (C) as chiral mobile phase additive using a CE method, which combined the partial filling technique with the dynamic coating technique and the co-EOF electrophoresis technique. The enantioresolution and the migration time were highly relevant to the structure of analytes, especially to the substitutions on the N-tagged benzoyl moiety of the amino acids. A steric effect and π–π interaction based mechanism is proposed in order to explain some observed enantioresolution differences between positional isomers. Notably dechlorobalhimycin exhibited the best enantioresolution for several N-benzoylated derivatives of leucine, which was rarely observed for N-dansylated amino acid derivatives. The hydrophobicity difference of the aglycone pocket among three chiral selectors was assumed to account for this behaviour.     

Antibacterial Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry—Exodus or Revival?

To create a drug, nature's blueprints often have to be improved through semisynthesis or total synthesis (chemical postevolution). Selected contributions from industrial and academic groups highlight the arduous but rewarding path from natural products to drugs. Principle modification types for natural products are discussed herein, such as decoration, substitution, and degradation. The biological, chemical, and socioeconomic environments of antibacterial research are dealt with in context. Natural products, many from soil organisms, have provided the majority of lead structures for marketed anti-infectives. Surprisingly, numerous "old" classes of antibacterial natural products have never been intensively explored by medicinal chemists. Nevertheless, research on antibacterial natural products is flagging. Apparently, the "old fashioned" natural products no longer fit into modern drug discovery. The handling of natural products is cumbersome, requiring nonstandardized workflows and extended timelines. Revisiting natural products with modern chemistry and target-finding tools from biology (reversed genomics) is one option for their revival.     

β-Lactam antibiotics. Spectroscopy and molecular orbital (MO) calculations: Part I: IR studies of complexation in penicillin-transition metal ion systems and semi-empirical PM3 calculations on simple model compounds

IR studies were preformed to determine possible transition metal ion binding sites of penicillin. the observed changes in spectral position and shape of characteristic IR bands of cloxacillin in the presence of transition metal ions (both in solutions and in the solid state) indicate formation of M–L complexes with engagement of –COO⁻ and/or –CONH– functional groups. The small shift of ν_C=O towards higher frequencies rules out direct M–L interaction via β-lactam carbonyl. PM3 calculations on simple model compounds (substituted formamide, cyclic ketones, lactams and substituted monocyclic β-lactams) have been performed. All structures were fully optimized and the calculated bond lengths, angles, heats of formation and C=O stretching frequencies were discussed to determine the β-lactam binding sites and to explain its susceptibility towards nucleophilic attack (hydrolysis in vitro) and biological activity. The relative changes of calculated values were critically compared with available experimental data and same correlation between structural parameters and in vivo activity was shown.     

分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鱼和虾中抗生素及三苯甲烷类兽药残留

建立了分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定鱼和虾中3类（磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类）18种抗生素及2种三苯甲烷类（孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿）兽药残留。样品经磷酸氢二钾溶液水解分散，乙腈提取，提取液经氯化钠脱水、盐析后取乙腈层，经旋转蒸发仪浓缩至近干，残留物用甲醇定容至1.0 mL，C18和PSA（N-丙基乙二胺）填料分散固相萃取净化，过滤膜后经ZORBAX C18色谱柱（50 mm×2.1 mm，1.8 μm）分离，正、负离子多反应监测模式采集数据，同位素内标法定量。实验结果表明，20种兽药在0.2~300 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系，检出限为0.1~0.6 μg/kg，定量限为0.3~1.8 μg/kg，相关系数均大于0.99。在1、5和20倍定量限加标浓度水平下，平均回收率为72.5%~118%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.9%~9.8%。该方法具有前处理简单、检测效率高、成本低等优点，适用于鱼和虾中多类兽药残留的同时测定。     

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence: an oxidative-reductive mechanism between quinolone antibiotics and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)

The cyclic voltammetry and electrogenerated chemiluminescent (ECL) reactions of a series of quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics were investigated in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system. 7-Piperazinyl fluoroquinolone antibiotics were found to participate as a coreactant in an oxidative-reductive ECL mechanism with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)₃²⁺) as the luminescent reagent. The reaction mechanism was investigated in order to understand and optimize the processes leading to light emission. The optimal conditions included a solution pH ∼7 at a flow rate of 3.0 mL min⁻¹ with no added organic modifier and application of 1.2 V vs. a Pt quasi-reference electrode (QRE). Fluoroquinolones containing a tertiary distal nitrogen on the piperazine ring, such as enrofloxacin and ofloxacin, reacted to produce more intense ECL than those with a secondary nitrogen, such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The method linear range, precision, detection limits, and sensitivity for the detection of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were compared to that of tripropylamine. The method was applied to the determination of the ciprofloxacin content in a pharmaceutical preparation. The assay is discussed in terms of its analytical figures of merit, ease of use, speed, accuracy and application to pharmaceutical samples.     

Separation of Tetracycline Antibiotics by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Using an Amino-Propyl Stationary Phase

In this work the potential of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is explored for the analysis of tetracycline antibiotics. The choice of the polar stationary phase is first discussed and it is demonstrated that aminopropyl stationary phases lead to higher efficiencies and peak symmetry than bare silica ones. The influence of the composition of the mobile phase is studied next : the concentration of the weaker solvent (acetonitrile), the nature and concentration of the more polar solvent (water or methanol), pH, the nature and ionic strength of the buffer. It is shown that high efficiencies are reached only with a citrate buffer that impairs the interactions with the residual silanol groups whatever the mobile phase pH is. We demonstrate that the citrate buffer strongly interacts with the cationic moiety of the aminopropyl stationary phase and thus reduces the accessibility of silanols. The separation of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline is achieved in a few minutes at pH 3.5 or 5, with no peak tailing as usually observed in reversed phase liquid chromatography with an opposite elution order when compared with reversed phase liquid chromatography.     

抗霉素合成概览

抗霉素(antimycin)是一大类具有九元环双内酯的天然抗生素, 最早发现于20世纪40年代末. 在随后的50多年中不断地有新的成员被发现, 到目前为止已多达26个. 这类化合物的结构主要是通过抗霉素A_3b来确定的, 所以合成工作也是围绕该成员展开的. 对文献中已有报道的合成工作加以综述, 对各方法的主要优缺点也进行了简要的分析.     

Electrode Kinetics and Ternary Complex Formation of Cd2+‐Antibiotics‐Vitamin‐B5 System. A Polarographic Study

Cd²⁺ complexes with antibiotics viz. neomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, penicillin‐V and penicillin‐G as primary ligands and vitamin‐B₅ as secondary ligand have been reported at pH = 7.30 ± 0.01 and μ = 1.0 M KNO₃ at 298 K by polarographic technique.¹ Cd²⁺ formed 1:1:1, 1:1:2, and 1:2:1 complexes with a stability constants trend of neomycin < chlortetracycline < oxytetracycline < tetracycline < penicillin‐V < penicillin‐G can be explained on the basis of the nature of ligands, bonding, and steric hindrance of these drugs. The nature of electrode processes were reversible and diffusion controlled. The values of stability constants showed that these drugs can be used to reduce the toxicity of Cd.