珠心算教学有助于农村薄弱学校整体办学水平提升

浙江省慈溪市从上个世纪八十年代初就开始珠心算教学实验,期间虽有起落,但至今从没间断过。慈溪的珠心算教学以小学和幼儿园为主,多数实验学校都是农村教学资源相对薄弱的学校,开展过实验的小学和幼儿园有上百所。通过实验,这些学校的整体办学水平有了明显提高,尤其以鸣鹤小学最为典型。本文以鸣鹤小学为例,介绍农村学校开展珠心算教学的经验与做法,特别是分析了珠心算教学更适合农村学校开展的原因,同时提出了目前遇到的问题和对未来的展望。通过慈溪多年的珠心算教学实践,初步得出了“珠心算教学有助于农村薄弱学校整体办学水平提升”的结论。     

三位数加减心算教法研究

三位数的加减心算是珠算式心算教学中的重中之重。只有让学生准确、熟练地掌握多个三位数的加减心算，才能为今后的多位数加减分节心算及多位数乘除心算打下基础。在平常的珠心算教学中，我们有些老师在教完加减心算的基本方法后，对如何扩展学生的心算位数，如何增加心算的笔数缺少办法。只是发下练习让学生练，练了三笔三位数练五笔三位数，练了五笔三位数练七笔三位数，至于其中教师如何教缺少有效的办法。因此教学效果往往不理想。本人把自己以前教学中的一些做法写出来，以“七笔三位数的加减心算”为题的教案附于后，意在与同行们共同探讨加减心算教学的方法，不断提高训练效率。     

Interfacial nanobubbles produced by long-time preserved cold water

Interfacial gaseous nanobubbles which have remarkable properties such as unexpectedly long lifetime and significant potential applications, are drawing more and more attention. However, the recent dispute about the contamination or gas inside the nanobubbles causes a large confusion due to the lack of simple and clean method to produce gas nanobubbles.Here we report a convenient and clean method to effectively produce interfacial nanobubbles based on a pure water system.By adding the cold water cooled at 4℃ for more than 48 h onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG) surface, we find that the average density and total volume of nanobubbles are increased to a high level and mainly dominated by the concentrations of the dissolved gases in cold water. Our findings and methods are crucial and helpful for settling the newly arisen debates on gas nanobubbles.     

珠心算除算教学的实践与研究

在珠心算教学中,除算的教学历来是教学的难点之一。许多老师对加、减、乘算的教学经验比较丰富,因此教起来得心应手,学生成绩提高也快,但当开始除算教学时,就有点犯难,学生成绩也提不上去。造成这一现象的原因,除了除算本身运算过程比较复杂外,教学的方法起了关键的作用。笔者在二十多年的珠心算教学实践中体会到,其实除算并没有想象中的难教。因为除算不同于加、减、乘算的优势是脑中记的位数相对较少,因此便于快速运算。下面是笔者在除算教学中的一些体会和做法,与同行们探讨。     

单积“一口清”教学的实践与研究

珠算式心算教学虽然内容繁多,但归根到底就是三大块内容:一是看数、记数、写数、数译珠等基本功的训练;二是加减心算;三是单积"一口清"的教学。而单积"一口清"的教学是多位数乘法、除法和开方教学的基础。学生熟练掌握了单积"一口清",多位数乘法、除     

63Ni在泥煤-水体系中的吸附动力学

应用同位素示踪技术,简要地研究了63Ni在泥煤中的静态吸附行为。结果表明,5 min后泥煤对63Ni的吸附率可达69%,60min后达到吸附平衡;第1吸附阶段内镍吸附量随时间的延长而增加,不易解吸;从泥煤-水液固体系中泥煤的电离平衡和镍离子-氢离子之间离子交换平衡,以及物料平衡关系推导出泥煤平衡时63Ni的吸附量和氢离子的浓度、平衡时镍离子的浓度有关。溶液的pH值对镍的吸附和解吸有很大影响,随着溶液pH值增大,63Ni由水分室向泥煤分室转移的速率常数也逐渐增大,而由泥煤分室向水分室转移的速率常数逐渐减小,二者比值逐渐增大,pH=4.624 6时,2种可逆传递速率常数相等,为2.51。即适宜pH值范围内的pH值升高吸附量增大,低pH值不利于吸附。63Ni在泥煤-水体系中的动态变化可用封闭二分室进行描述,经拟合后的理论值与实验数据点具有较好的一致性。     

The properties of surface nanobubbles formed on different substrates

The properties and stability of the reported surface nanobubbles are related to the substrate used and the generation method. Here, we design a series of experiments to study the influence of the hydrophobicity of the substrate and the production method on the formation and properties of nanobubbles. We choose three different substrates, dodecyltrichlorosilane(DTS) modified silicon, octadecyltrichlorosilane(OTS) modified silicon, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG)as nanobubble substrates, and two methods of ethanol–water exchange and 4-℃ cold water to produce nanobubbles. It is found that using ethanol-water exchange method could produce more and larger nanobubbles than the 4-℃ cold water method. The contact angle of nanobubbles produced by ethanol–water exchange depends on the hydrophobicity of substrates, and decreases with the increase of the hydrophobicity of substrates. More interestingly, nanoscopic contact angle approaches the macroscopic contact angle as the hydrophobicity of substrates increases. It is believed that these results would be very useful to understand the stability of surface nanobubbles.     

Cd2+和Ni2+在粉煤灰上的吸附特性

考察了粉煤灰对Cd2+和Ni2+的单组分吸附和双组分吸附性能。结果表明,粉煤灰可有效吸附水溶液中的Cd2+和Ni2+,去除率随pH升高而增加。吸附约60min后趋于平衡。粉煤灰对Ni2+的吸附容量高于Cd2+。单组分吸附平衡符合Freundlich模型和Redlich Peterson (R P)模型。双组分吸附时,Ni2+和Cd2+之间存在明显的竞争吸附效应;随干扰离子浓度升高,竞争吸附效应增强。不同模型拟合结果表明,双组分吸附平衡符合Freundlich竞争吸附模型。脱附实验表明,Cd2+比Ni2+易于脱附;0.1mol/L HCl、0.1mol/L HNO3 和0.05mol/L H2SO4的脱附效果接近,对Cd2+脱附率>60%,对Ni2+脱附率>35%。     

壳聚糖基磁性树脂对Au^3＋和Ag^＋的吸附特性——Ⅰ吸附平衡和动力学研究

利用反相乳液分散-化学交联法制备磁性壳聚糖微球(TMCS),并经硫脲改性,用于吸附水溶液中Au3 和Ag .用光学显微图、红外图谱(FTTR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对吸附剂进行了表征.考察了TMCS对Au3 和Ag 的吸附特性.结果表明,等温吸附线可用Langmuir模型拟合,饱和吸附容量分别为:Au3 3.53mmol/g;Ag 1.98 mmol/g.二者的吸附容量均随pH升高而增加.吸附动力学可用拟二级模型拟合.双组分吸附实验表明,TMCS对Au3 和Ag 有良好的吸附选择性.